Organizational Behavior in a Negative or Positive Manner Essay

organisational Behavior in a Negative or Positive Manner - Essay Exampleorganisational behavior helps to draw the organizational as well as industrial psychology. Key elements of organizations behavior are people, structure, technology, environment and many other external elements. This is required for improving job performance, increase job satisfaction, encouraging leadership, promoting innovation and so on Management will adopt various techniques to evaluate the performance, convert salary and compensation structure by using this method. There are positive and negative sides also. Benefits of organizational behavior are it is systematic study of attitude and action of people within organization. Managers can do proactive work in effective and efficient way by using this method etc. on the other hand managing work force diversity, improving quality and productivity through the live manpower, responding to globalization etc are few challenges for using this method. Culture can b e defined as such kind of behavior that is cultivated and transmitted socially. It includes knowledge, values, religion, beliefs, relation, roles, meanings, concepts of the universe, material possessions etc. Different types of culture are pluralism, dualism, salad blow, pragmatic sanction culture, normative culture, academic culture, club culture etc. For example it can be said that in pragmatic culture management will focus only on the customers satisfaction. In normative culture management of the company is strict and rigid about the companys guidelines, rules and regulations. one-third major types of culture are discussed below Pluralism- In this culture smaller groups of individuals try to maintain their peculiar culture identity and their value, culture, identities are related to broader culture and tradition.

Apple Inc. AAPL Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Apple Inc. AAPL - Research Paper ExampleThese are supplemented by software platforms like the OS X and iOS operating systems. Te products produced by Apple also vary over a commodious range of other products. In this analysis of Apple Inc, this paper will focus on its cost history and ratio analysis, which will help in determining its profitability and emulousness in the market.The competitive position built by Apple Inc is one based on reading the market and misgiving what the customer needs in regards to technology. This can be seen from the change in product lines that the play along has been expiration through since its inception. With the advent of computers and the market for personal computers, the company started producing the Macintosh that helped take over the computer market. This changed to the occupation of laptops in response to the market, and currently, the company is at the forefront in producing mobile phones. The main competitor to the companys iphone is th e threat of competition from Android based phones and applications.An analysis of Apple Incs financial history in the last twelve months reveals that the company has had its best performance to date. In wondrous, the stock touched a record high of $665 per share, an indicator of the market conditions that favor the company. However, the bullish market caused the stock to plummet from the august and September highs to another low, but with the regaining market, the company is expected to bounce

Social Behavioral Change of sugery drinks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Social Behavioral spay of sugery drinks - Essay Examples the belief that sugary drinks cause diseases including obesity and diabetes and without exercising, may cause pack to be fat due to the high calories and sugar. An attitude towards water and juice being healthy is that they stick low sugar and calories content and are good for the body development and health.The perception on the magnificence to the community is that the issue affects the community and is very important because of the rampant effectuate of obesity and diabetes in juvenile years. This affects the community through a reduction in work force and use of money to bring round these diseases caused by a preference to sugary and high calories content drinks. It is important to change the behaviour to taking healthy drinks that have low sugar content to ensure the people are less abnormal by these lifetime diseases to live a better life.The type of message that could help them change their style is a message that highlights the dangers or unhealthiness of sugary drinks when taken by the members of the society. This message should highlight the effects of unhealthy drinks on the body, the measures to take to avoid these effects, and the kind of steps to take in changing the behavior albeit slowly. This will allow the people to understand the dangers and despite being difficult to change the behavior, follow the guidelines in the message until they are free of habits of taking sugary

Prevention of Financial Frauds Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Prevention of fiscal Frauds - Research Paper ExampleThe subject also discusses intimately the types of pecuniary frauds according to their nature inclusive frauds and exclusive frauds. There are two types of frauds according to the spate involved in the fraud and these two types are internal frauds and external frauds. Besides defining these frauds, the paper explains how such frauds can be hold opened.The paper also focuses on unmatched of the biggest fiscal scandals Enron and it explains how the management of Enron was no-hit in their fraudulent activities. It also highlights the pretend of Enrons case on the over on the whole economy. INTRODUCTIONfiscal frauds are widely perceived to be deliberately made criminal acts that seriously violate complaisant law while based on monetary transactions and meant to attain myriad personal benefits. For the survive so many years, auditors and pecuniary analysts drive home been emphasizing to eliminate the fiscal frauds and for th is purpose there start been many research conducted on this given topic. With the passage of time and as more and more financial frauds have emerged, the need to fight against these financial frauds have increased enormously and people of all ages have to face consequences of such financial frauds.In criminal law, the word fraud is defined as a plan and calculated deception which is made for some kind of personal gain or to damage other individual. On the other hand, financial frauds mean frauds that occur particularly in the financial statements or financial documents of the company like balance sheet, income statement etc in order to manipulate the financial strength of the company. Financial Frauds can be planned on a large scale which might have an impact on the overall industry or economy of the country and there might be financial frauds which might not be as large but these frauds would weaken the financial stability of an organization. two these types of frauds have beco me a serious issue for everyone who is involved with the organization either directly or indirectly. Since financial frauds could affect the economy and organizations and everyone who is involved with the organization therefore it is critical to stop such financial crimes and to prevent such financial frauds there have been several techniques, tools, applications and methods developed by auditors and financial analysts from all over the world and still more research is being done on the topic (Singleton, & Singleton, 2010). publications REVIEW It is important for the organization and employees of the organization who are responsible for handling and managing of important and sensitive documents to pass these documents in safe and do not let anyone to have access to such documents as one of the ways through which financial frauds can occur is to have access to such sensitive information. A layered security approach and effective tools are required to handle this dramatic emergency of abominable financial frauds and by controlling who first receives sensitive documents like bank statements, small organizations can prevent financial fraud occurrence (CBIA News, 2007). Financial information of a corporation is used by investors in order to evaluate the companys progress and growth and its profitability as well as in order to predict the future profitability of the organization. Thus, these financial statements are used by investors to crystallize decision whether they should invest in the company or not. Therefore, one of the greatest risks faced by investors is that the financial sta

Signal Transmission Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Signal Transmission - Assignment ExampleThe length of the antenna should be more or equal to the wavelength. In order to transmit high wavelength frequency, the length of the antenna should be larger that set about unpractical. In order to limit the size of the antenna, carrier frequencies are use that have powerful argue frequencies. immune carrier frequencies make it possible to send and receive the radio waves under a set direct range. It limits the distortion and interference with other frequencies. Carrier frequencies allow the transmission of the signal frequencies to be transmitted wirelessly. radio set waves require carrier frequencies for the transmission as carrier frequencies make it easier to transmit the information through space. Carrier frequencies work in a fixed band where the power transmitted through the carries is considerably higher as compared to that of the packed radio frequencies. Carrier frequencies are transmitted by using a connatural physical trans mission medium. Signal frequencies and carrier frequencies are modulated in a manner that the telephone receiver can easily separate the two frequencies. Mainly two basic transition techniques are used for the transmission of the carrier frequencies. Frequencies modulation and amplitude modulation are the basic types of modulation techniques used extensively. In frequency modulation, the signal frequencies are mixed with the frequency of the carrier frequency and in amplitude modulation techniques, the signal frequencies are mixed with respect to the amplitude of the carrier frequency.

The Color Purple Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Color Purple - Annotated Bibliography ExampleThe paper has been useful in understand theological aspects of life and how stack ar confused between macrocosm loyal to God and fetching actions to free themselves from the bondage. The information there in was very reliable and followed practical problems that bedevil many women.The showing in the watchword is in particular important in my quest to understand the divinity fudge and how heap may misunderstand praising God. The tidings has been very resourceful in the research about theology of believing and acting toward our own wellness. The novel has been helpful in new understanding of GodThis book is very explorative in world of theology and based on the female gender. It tries to explain how women are very religious especially when it comes to problems in their matrimonial homes. It compares women in two receiving ends of life those who were happy in life and those in troubles. The two throngs were then critically anal yzed in the way they believe in God.In the assessment and evaluation of the book, it proved to be very resourceful to those with interest in theological aspects. Comparing with other sources in my research the book had an edge over the other because it made a comparative and with clear understanding. The information was very reliable and explorative with no biased in the group that were discussed. The goal of this book was to show that mostly people are drawn closer to God because of problem.The book was relevant in reserch work that involves theology of trusting in God. It fit perfectly well in those with interest in understanding way the poor and those who are in troubles end up being over religiousThis book explains sources of religious inspiration most of people. It explain why some people embrace nature and believe it to have powers to solves there problems while others believe in God in the heaven. In book, the two groups are depicted as having satisfaction in what

Use of Supply Chain Management as a Method of Inventory Control Research Paper

Use of generate Chain steering as a Method of Inventory Control - Research Paper ExampleUse of picture Chain Management as a Method of Inventory ControlThe emerging role of grant chain as integral part of inventory control has belong hugely relevant leave for businesses. Indeed, successful SCM not only improves cropivity but also provides the business with long term sustainability in the risquely competitive business environment. The fast transforming business dynamics, including rapid globalization, technology and diversity in product variety and trivial life span have all contributed towards tough market conditions (Lee, 2002). Thus, challenges of effective SCM, especially as a key method of inventory control, have become major issues to improve and perform inventory management in order to optimize performance outcome and maintain competitive edge. Supply chain and its impact on inventory control Supply chain and inventory management are intrinsically linked to the wider goals and objectives of the business. Supply chain or the logistics can broadly be defined as set of approaches utilized to efficiently integrate suppliers, manufacturers, warehouses, and stores, so that merchandise is produced and distributed at the right quantities, to the right locations, and at the right time, in order to minimize system-wide costs while satisfying service level requirements (Simchi-Levi, Kaminsky, & Simchi-Levi, 2003, p. 1). The conglomerate imperatives of SCM are mainly designed to meet the changing needs and requirements of the customers. The SCM therefore is network of activities that encompasses egress and speech of vulgar materials for manufacturing goods and lecture of the finished product to the end customers. Inventory, on the other hand is collection of raw materials and finished goods which need to be used in future. The inventory control system helps to streamline the supply and demand of the products by making available the raw material and fin ished good at some(prenominal) set time for the manufacturers and the retailers. The inventory or downslope maintained at different stages of production and dispersal is important element of inventory control system that helps to assess the quantity and time when products need to be replenished with fresh stock or new stock as per the demand. The cost effective analysis of stock helps to anticipate demand and supply of products, both of raw material and final products. For example, fast moving products and products with short life are stored in forward warehouse and slow moving products, risky or high-priced products are placed at central warehousing as shipped or moved to the destination when required. Thus, delivery of product is fast through the warehouses where the inventory is strategically placed or stored. Inventory is used as key constituent in SCM to coordinate various processes in order to meet the challenges of time with high efficiency and timeliness. Consequently, v arious factors like time, availability of raw material, coordination with various linkages like suppliers, distributors, warehouse, retail outlets etc. become hugely critical issues that need to be incorporated for higher performance. Porter (1985) strongly asserts that efficient SCM is rattling ingredient of value chain that facilitates business activities to gain competitive edge. In the current dynamics of coeval global business, goods are highly sensitive to pricing and changes. Effective SCM enhances operational efficiency within and removed the firm to meet the challenges of the fast changing requirements of the customers. Moreover, increasing efficiency and cost

Summarize & Critic on Torah (Pentateuch) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Summarize & tyro on Torah (Pentateuch) - Essay ExampleThe saga moves from beyond external conflicts- Noah, Abraham, Jacob, Issac and Moses to resolving internal conflicts - following covenants and commandments and resolving mature hold human dissatisfaction with what is available, rebellion and ultimate salvation by entering the promised land.The compilation of Pentateuch was done by multiple authors and over a period of six centuries. Friedman presents evidence why he believes this is so for model Friedman provides evidence of Doublets, which are variations of the same story with some facts similar and others paralleling the other instance of same story. Friedman cites proper(postnominal) couplets and verses where such synchronicity has occurred. On the other hand terminology used parallel that of the doublet which it has followed - same inured of names fall into same doublet. Thus the text of the Pentateuch behind be demarcated into following discrete divisions J (Jahwistic) , E (Elohistic), P ( priestlike) and D (Deuteronomic). Within these divisions common names and sequence, presence or absence of events wad be clearly identified. Even linguistic parlance within the above divisions is strongly indicative of breach authorships for each of the divisions. The events as presentedwithin each of the div... Historical references within each of the divisions identify the approximate clock frame and time period in which they were compiled or written. Friedman has exhaustively listed specific references from where the time frame can be elicited, he proclaims that Priestly text dates back to (715-687 B.C), whereas Deuteronomic dates to the era of reign of Josiah the great grandson of Hezekiah. The linguistic variety and analysis has also reiterated that Jahwistic and Elohistic belong to an earlier era than Priestly and Deuteronomic. As far as the relationships betwixt the divisions are concerned parallels of events are so close between Jahwistic and Elohis tic indicating that were probably edited together. In Priestly stories the differences between it and Jahwistic Elohistic report a contradiction of one event by the other presentation as possibly an attempt to explain the consequences after event has happened. Deuteronomic includes references to passages in other divisions indicating that it is more dated than others. other factor determining completeness is cohesion of Jahwistic Elohistic - both together form a nearly complete and incessant story whereas separately each is incomplete. Similarly Priestly also forms a nearly complete theatrical role on its own. This indicates merging of Jahwistic Elohistic earlier with addition of Priestly at a later date. It also shows assorted mindsets of the editors who combined the separate texts as heavy editing of the Jahwistic Elohistic sources seems to have been done in order to reassure good fit while Priestlys addition was without heavy source editing. There are also theories that such explicit divisions are

The American Revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

The American Revolution - experiment ExampleThe biography of George Washington was originally written by Mason Locke Weems who maintained a inhering approach in evaluating the facts and presented Washington as a folk hero. Although they had lived through the revolution, yet many of the archean historians did not have objective grounds for their claims. A new generation of historians surfaced with the start of the 19th ampere-second. Today, some(prenominal) we know about the American Revolution is primarily an outcome of their compilation of the war events. Historians of the 19th century mutually held a consensus that the American Revolution was morally justified. They were of the view that American victory opened the entrance to freedom. The determinists of the early 20th century presented the second school of thought regarding the American Revolution. They thought that the revolution rotated around the conflict of class. The economic motivations were hard to be justified wit h the widespread rhetoric about comparison and republicanism. The determinists analyzed the revolution as more than just an endeavor to gain independence. They thought of it as a means to strengthen a ruling elite American class. The determinists base their assertions on the fact that a vast majority of the people who had signed the Declaration of Independence were rich and took the revolution as a means to strengthen their power. The third school of thought regarding the American Revolution surfaced after the Second realness War. Neo-Whigs were the owners of this school of thought.

Examine the implications of EU for European industrial relations Essay

Examine the implications of EU for European industrial transaction - see ExampleThe effects of advancing European integration on national systems of industrial relations, and the associated need for a systematic analysis of the conditions, forms, and direction of the Europeanisation and supranationalisation of industrial relations, induce long ago attracted the attention of researchers. Although a account of valuable comparative studies have appeargond in the last decade (Ferner and Hyman 1992 Hyman and Ferner 1997 Bispinck and Lecher 1999), by and large these have not concerned themselves with the specific context of the European Union and the transnational dimension of industrial relations. (Wolfgang Lecher, 133) In particular, there has been almost no systematic consideration of the interaction between and consequences of the co-existence and superimposition of supranational and national relations between state actors and the parties to collective bargaining, both for systems of industrial relations and for broader areas of policy at the various levels of the European Unions multi-tiered system of governance. Similarly, there has been little research into the effects of the horizontal interaction between differing national systems of industrial relations and approaches to social and economic organization which are embedded in the same EMU and, as a result, are subject to the pressures of mutual regime controversy.1.According to Jelle Visser (http//www.ser.nl/_upload/b23574_4.pdf) prior to the EMU, industrial relations in fragment states seemed to follow one of two broad tracks1. Attempts at cross-border co-ordination among trade unions in continental welfare states and in what broadly can be described as the D-mark zone (Germany, Austria, the Netherlands, Belgium, France and, although not member of EMU, Denmark) to seek engage increases within specified parameters and thereby preventing upward wage pressure (endangering monetary stability) and downwar d wage competition and social dumping.2. The adoption of or attempt at tripartite Social Pacts in peripheral or catch-up countries fall outside the D-mark zone (Portugal, Spain, Italy, Greece) and those prospective EMU members which were confronted with deep structural changes (Ireland, Finland), prioritising national competitiveness, addressing crisis situations and preparing for EMU membership.This view sets out from the position that the developments referred to above constitute structuring elements in a future system of European industrial relations, arrange around two dynamic poles-the company-centred transnational level and an overarching macro level, with its institutional focus in the social dialogue. It expects the guaranteed rights to info and consultation which will result from the across-the-board establishment of European works councils (EWCs) in the wake of the directing to create the foundations for the possibility of company-based collective bargaining on issues such as training and working time. Moreover, EWCs are to promote the conver gence of workplace employee representation across Europe and act as a catalyst for the harmonization of trade union policies on employment issues and collective bargaining. (Wolfgang Lecher, 135) This optimistic standpoint sees a positive unite between trade union demands for participation, on the one hand, and the establishment of new post-Fordist systems of production and

Exploring the role of change management and new HRMS system adoption Dissertation

Exploring the role of mixed bag management and new HRMS system borrowing the case of American Express Bahrain - Dissertation ExampleHowever, in that respect be some strategic loopholes that can addressed to reap full benefits of the system. Table of Contents 1 Chapter One- Introduction 2 Chapter Two- Literature Review 3 Chapter Three- Research Methodology 4 Chapter Four- Results and Findings 5 Chapter Five- Conclusions and Recommendations 6 References 7 Appendices Chapter 1- Introduction 1.1 Title Exploring the role of change management and new HRMS (Human Resource watchfulness System) adoption the case of American Express Bahrain. 1.2 Aim To explore the role of change management by perusing the steps American Express Bahrain has put into action to portray the new HRMS on its employees. 1.3 Research interrogation What are the chronological steps that a company must apply in order to introduce new software to the organisation? 1.4 Objectives To examine the techniques that Amer ican Express Bahrain use when introducing change to employees. To establish a questionnaire to understand the steps those were taken. To draw conclusions on ways and theories that help organisations sequential their introduction of change to their employees. 1.5 scene to the study The term Change Management deals with the substitution of one thing or set of conditions for another(prenominal) , thus making something different from its previous condition, be it an alteration in state, or quality, variety, variation, mutation(Sofroniou,2009). Change Management is something that all managers should know how to cope with especially with our rapidly changing world and the contribution of technology to the modernisation of business functions and practises. Consequently, organisations must adapt to the environment around them in order to stay competitive by leveraging technology and new systems (Saunders, Lewis, and Thornhill, 2009). Organisations must be able to adapt to the changing envi ronment if they are to survive. Threats to organisational existence include but are not limited to changes in technology, the tastes of consumers, the regulations of the Government, the increase in the embody of various resources, and values and capabilities of the prospective employees, downsizing, mergers and acquisitions(Palmer et al, 2006). However, all these reasons came from one major source Globalisation. According to Websters dictionary the term orbiculateisation is the development of an increasingly integrated global economy marked especially by free trade, free flow of capital, and the tapping of cheaper foreign labor markets (merriam-webster, 2012). Thus, the worlds economy is treated as one big market which makes it difficult for organizations to be unique and different from competitors. Moreover, globalization has majorly affected organisational change. This is evident because of all the planned and unplanned changes that occur in small and multinational companies. I n the new-fangled time the most important thing faced by most of the global organization is the uniform changes in the all aspects of business. Due to the technological revolution most of the organizations are practicing the new technologies related to the valet de chambre resource management system(HRMS). The development in the information technology has given a new look-alike shift to the HRMS. Most of the global organizations are accepting the virtue of the HRMS (Grobler & Warnich. 2005. P, 39) The new trend in the global organization is to apply computer based technologies to create a strong HRMS. Most of the organizations like American Express are using the HRMS to revamp the HRMS

Evolving Practice of Nursing Delivery Models Assignment

Evolving coif of Nursing Delivery Models - Assignment ExampleThe associated programs pertinent to health care reform are inclusive of accountable care organizations (ACOs), nurse-managed health clinics, and primary care medical homes. Through expansion of the overall equal of insurance coverage, there is increased placement of greater demands on the prevailing primary care system present. Furthermore, through investment in the overall expansion of HIT interoperable health information engineering platforms that critical implementation of system reforms can be effectively achieved (The NAP, 2011). This is not solely vital in localized settings, but more so in terms of the spurred growth of community-wide exchange of information, as project by the IOM and RWJF (2012). This has great potential of changing in profound ways, the scope, skill-mix (expertise) and distribution of nursing practice. Accordingly, the reformation deep down the health care delivery system foretells a number of crucial inputs by the nursing professing. These let in changes in the demand for RNs service provision, and the effective positioning of the nursing profession towards effectively responding to the reforms made. Furthermore, is the crucial role-play the profession has in regard to effecting a positive post-reform healthcare environment. The pertinent health reform legislation, augmented by other relevant policy initiatives, reveals a range of provisions and programs. These call upon the need for re-organization of not only the workforce responsible (in terms of delivery).

Implementing Leadership Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Implementing Leadership Change - quiz ExampleOrganizational personnels beliefs and values need to be addressed for the transmute to be implemented successfully. Lewin has emphasized on bringing social change with the behavioral change in every(prenominal) contexts. Implementation of Lewins approach requires the CEO to confess being the cause of problem and accordingly the briny part of the solution with improved decision making involving the consent of the leadership team. Mutual consensus in decision making would improve clarity of organizational personnels roles, and would improve the organizational culture. Kotters eight- criterion change model is an alternative solution to Gene Ones problems. The first four steps of Kotters model are consistent with the unfreezing step of Levin. The leadership team at Gene One needs to evaluate the effect of change and the way the new processs importance can be communicated across the organization. Steps five through seven of the Kotters mo del generalize the movement step of Levin whereas the eighth step is consistent with the refreezing step of Levins approach. Gene One needs to improve its leadership structure and adopt measures to implement the changes

How to Sustain Customer Loyalty towards Brands Essay

How to Sustain Customer Loyalty towards Brands - Essay ExampleThe researcher states that blur dedication is the final objective a company sets for a branded merchandise. The importance of brand loyalty cannot be underestimated due to the fact that as brand loyalty increases, the vulnerability to the competitive actions is reduced which is very burning(prenominal) in the cut-throat competitive era of today. The customers adherence to a busy brand increases the trade value of the brand and helps the organization to have a competitive edge over the rivals. The brand loyalty also provides confidence among the organizations to launch a parvenu intersection point and to constitute involved in new ventures as they feel that the loyal customers will definitely go for the new products. This also helps the organization with the transition of the expansion. Brand loyalty is basically a consumers discernment and priority to opt for a grumpy brand in a product category. The reason beh ind this pick can be the scholarship of provision of the right product features and high level of quality at the right price. Additionally the brand loyalty can also have its basis in the emotional appurtenance of the user with the brand. The preference can be built upon an association with the brand symbol. Aaker defined Brand loyalty as the attachment that a customer has to a brand. It can also be seen as consumers preference to purchase a particular brand in a product class and this could be as a result of the consumer awareness about that particular brand. The strong name of a firm, the good consider of the product and corporate reputation are the factors which builds loyalty/commitment, which helps the consumer to value a product of a particular company and put it above the others (Souiden et al. 2006). A deeply held commitment to re-buy or re-patronize a preferred product/service consistently in the future, thereby causing repetitive same-brand or same brand-set purchasing , despite situational influences and merchandising efforts having potential to cause switching behavior (Oliver,1997 referred in Ozer, et. al. 2005, p.90). The brand loyalty of existing customer be a strategic asset to the organization, that, if properly managed and exploited, has the potential to provide value in several ways. It works to reduce the marketing costs of doing business. It is simple and much less costly to keep hold of customers than to get new ones. Brand loyalty even generates trade leverage. At the extreme, brand loyalty may harness store choice decisions. Additionally various studies

Comparative Foreign policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Comparative Foreign polity - attempt ExampleOn the Necessity of Individual Level of Analysis in Understanding of Case indemnity Outcome 7 I. Foreign Policy Theories, Use by Foreign Policy Analysts Theories are proposed explanations relating to the whole shebang of things. In foreign policy studies, theories refer to the major theories relating to the field of study, and they are mainly liberalism, realism, Marxism, and constructivism in nigh texts. Theories are essentially tools that foreign policy analysts use to make sense of the crookions of states in relation to individually other, and in the context of global economic, political arenas of personationioni ii. As the definition suggests, theories are the distillation of insights, writings, studies and observations about the bringions of states in the real world, distilled on the assumption that states act in certain shipway, based on certain cardinal motivations, dynamics, and historical circumstances. Theories are used on the assumption that given a set of conditions, states will act in defined ways moving forward. iii II. Liberalism, realism- Key Analytical Comp matchlessnts, Comparison and Contrast Realism posits that the key characteristic of the international couch is disorder, or anarchy and chaos. In the absence of an organizing principle, or a body of law to mediate disputes and the general conduct of nations when dealing with other nations, the operative principle is government agency. Therefore, nations act and watch out for their own interests in the main. Self-interest and self-preservation, the advancement of ones own interests, is the rule and the defining considerateness when crafting foreign policy. Realism has several implications for the way the world system of politics and economics is shaped. Power is the currency, and where one state amasses power, that automatically translates to threats to the inner integrity of other states. Balance of power becomes an important considera tion. Moreover, viewed from a realist perspective, the power currency translates to an obsession with projecting power and defense capabilities, as reflected in military might. Nations then act out and craft foreign policy in relation to that perceived and actual power residing on their military capabilities. Military power then becomes a central analytical component when reading the actions of nations in the international stage, with some superpowers such as China acting in ways that are antithetic from those with some power, and those who have no power at all. Constraint and independence in crafting foreign policy are reliant on the size of a nations military capabilities. At the weak end of that spectrum, genuinely weak nations are the most constrained. Middle powers meanwhile yield considerable power, and act in ways such as forming alliances to balance out the power of the strong states. iv Liberalism, in contrast, views the world order not in terms of balance of power and mi litary might, but in terms of interdependence, for grammatical case through the interdependence of nation economies, and how such interdependence shapes more cooperative stances, a greater dialect on world bodies that foster cooperation and dialogue, such as the United Nations, and nations, especially less powerful states, towing the railway line in terms of adhering to the rules of the global market. Market forces are relevant considerations, and so are the economic and political implications of interdependence as shaping foreign policy for different countries. The operative principle here is that of

What accounted for Japan's rapid economic growth in the post-war era Essay

What accounted for Japans rapid economic growth in the post-war era - Essay lawsuitpolicies towards the country, effect of the international market, pre-war industrial capacities, social mobilization and favorable government policies.After the end of WWII, the hearten to catch up and level with the western nations coup conduct with nationalism persisted in japan. Unlike during the war tip where the efforts and Japanese energies were focused on military development, post WWII efforts focused on economic development. For instance, the Japanese factories tasked with the employment of machine guns were turned into producing sewing machines whereas those tasked with production of optical weapons reverted to the production of binoculars and cameras for the local and international market. This idle conversion of military industries into profitable industries boosted the rapid economic growth of japan (Allen 67).The United States allowed japan to exporting its products to the USA while simultaneously allowing it to protect its domestic market during the raging on of the cold war. This led to a beneficial trade relationship between japan and the United States of America. Additionally, japan greatly benefited from connecter the international markets which offered it low tariffs, the needed raw materials and cheap or lowered prices of oil. Moreover, Japan enacted article 9 of its constitution that forbade it from re arming itself, hence it is protected by the United States. As a consequence, it spends slight than one percent of its GDP on its military (Allinson 94). The huge savings propelled the nation to develop chop-chop after WWII.Rather than the Japanese possessing a welfare state, a welfare society exists which is defined by the creation of total employment. Small to medium sized cartels of Japanese companies were present to prevent Japanese companies from turn bankrupt hence maintaining total employment. As a result, the Japanese nation re directed the re sources and funds it would have used on welfare to the development of it industries. This led to

Issue in the media today Essay Example for Free

Issue in the media today EssayWhy is mental hospital much(prenominal) an important get along in the media today? More countries joined the EU recently, and it is expanding. People in the Eastern countries get down(p) wages and so argon attracted to Britain. 100-150,000 Poles have come to live in the UK illegally, to find work. The media reflects public concerns over mass immigration. Secondly, we are getting to a greater extent immigrants than emigrants, so to a greater extent great deal are entering than leaving the sphere. This similarly raises concerns ab discover overcrowding. Thirdly, terrorism has become increasingly worrying, and people link innovation seekers to the recent score of a police officer in Bradford. The general public dont believe that the government are in effect handling immigration, where only 25% of asylum cases get rejected, but NOT deported leading the public to ask where these people go. Asylum is an issue locally, because there is a Home o ffice (Asylum Centre) in Croydon. These results in many an(prenominal) asylum seekers come to Croydon. In this coursework I am going to compare two contrary theme articles on the issue of asylum. The position of bewitch expressed by THE SUN is that asylum seekers should not be allowed to come into the UK and stay here.THE SUN wants people to read this article and get groundless about those flood tide into the UK, at the experience of British tax payers. THE SUN believes that some asylum seekers are terrorists, and are development this to convince people to be against asylum seekers and write letters to the government against so much immigration. there are very strong elements of bias present in THE SUN because it violates only the point of view against asylum seekers staying in Britain. It is a very one sided article and though full of opinion, the opinion are put forward as facts.However, the point of view expressed in THE defender is liberal, and is trying to give reader s more information about the topic, so that they can come to their own decision. This newspaper gives distinct examples to array that not all asylum seekers are terrorists or coming here for free money. It also makes out that other newspapers are deliberately trying to give false impression to the public to try to scare them. The newspaper, however, is biased, as it only gives the point of view for immigration to be continued, rather than giving information for twain sides of the story.However it is clearly an opinion piece and the snap of the writer reinforces this. THE SUN makes the reader angry victimisation phrases standardised Every day 1000 people or refugees claim free treatment on the NHS without being entitled to it, and The Government plans to fork out millions of Tax payers money buying luxury Hotels and more estate to house asylum seekers. These phrases make the reader angry if they hypothesise that they are paying taxes and asylum seekers are living in luxury hotels for free using their money making them feel it is unfair.The expression used by THE GUARDIAN is more sophisticated than THE SUN the words used have more complex meanings whereas THE SUN uses simple language to make its points. This shows that the readership of each paper is very different where THE GUARDIAN is read by people who are typically more educated then those of THE SUN. Its uses language such as tolerance, ethnicity and liberal progressives, which are effective because they make the reader feel that the issue is not in such a dangerous position as others make out. THE SUN uses other techniques to persuade its readers, such as photos and graphs.These are effective because the images used to make you want to read the topic and you can think what THE SUN is talking about when looking at the pictures. The graphs are eye-catching and show you the differences between disbursement in other countries and the UK it shows the differences here very clearly. The cut-out lette r to Tony Blair makes it easy for people to complete, and gives them a sense of agent to do something. The bold writing used is catchy because you can see it instantly, and your eye looks at the different writing because it shows you the main points clearly.THE GUARDIAN uses a cartoon to persuade its readers because it is complicated, and vague, so makes them think about its meaning. The photograph is effective because it shows the person who is writing the article, and you realise that this persons opinions are written here. However, THE SUN makes opinion sound like facts which is misleading. I find THE SUN more persuasive because it is simple and effective words which most people are able to find out. It also shows the picture where I think people are able to understand.It also shows the picture where I think people are climbing over the fence having scarves on, which is not display there full face, this makes the reader think that the people are terrorists or criminals. The ar ticle makes me feel angry towards the newspaper because it gives a very biased point of view, and doesnt tell me about genuine asylum cases. My point of view is that asylum seekers should be allowed to move from their country to any country they wish, because they are also globe as we are and they are just unlucky that they cant live in their own country because of many reasons like war and persecution.The main reason that people move from their country to the UK is because they need to cut into a place of safety. Secondly, they choose the UK in preference to other destinations which tells us that they know of the UK but I dont think they will have a detailed knowledge of our immigration and/or our benefits systems. I think that the people should make more effort to understand the difference between asylum seekers and illegal immigrants. misbranded immigrants are people who move to settle in another country or region, temporarily or permanently, in violation of the law or without documents permitting them to settle in another country or region, temporarily or permanently, in violation of the law or without documents permitting them to settle in that country. I can understand that some people may get upset by so many people woful here, because it is hard to find jobs anyway, hospitals and schools are overcrowded and there is a lot of crime, people may feel that asylum seekers only add to the problem.

Philippine National Bank (PNB) Essay Example for Free

Philippine National Bank (PNB) EssayFactsThe petitioners, Spouses Esmeraldo and Elizabeth Suico, obtained a loanword from the Philippine National Bank (PNB) secured by a concrete estate mortgage on real properties in the name of the former. The petitioners were unable to pay their liability prompting the PNB to extrajudicially foreclose the mortgage over the theater of operations properties.Subsequently, the petitioners file a Complaint against the PNB before the RTC for Declaration of Nullity of Extrajudicial Foreclosure of Mortgage. The Complaint alleged that PNB filed a petition with the Office of Manadaue City Sheriff for extrajudicial foreclosure on the petitioners properties for an outstanding loan obligation standarding to P 1,991,770. 38.During the foreclosure trade, the petitioners claimed that PNB, as the lone playing periodder offered a push hearting to P8, 511,000.00. By the virtue of the state bid, a protection of sales agreement of the subject properties was issued. PNB did non pay to the Sheriff who conducted the auction sale the amount of its bid which was P 8,511,000.00 or give an accounting of how said amount was applied against petitioners outstanding loan amounted precisely to P 1,991,770.38. Since the amount grossly exceeded the amount of the petitioners obligation, it is the legal duty of the winning bidder, PNB to deliver to the Sheriff the bid price or what was leftover thereof after deducting the amount of petitioners obligation. PNB failed to deliver the amount of their bid to the Sheriff or the amount of such bid tautological.After a year, the issuance of the protection of Sale, PNB secured a Certificate of Final Sale and as a result, PNB transferred registration of all the subject properties to its name. Due to the failure of PNB to deliver to the petitioners the amount of its bid or yet just the amount in excess of petitioners obligation, the latter averred that the extrajudicial foreclosure of the said properti es and the Certificate of Sale and the Certificate of Finality of Sale, issued by the Sheriff, in promote of PNB, were null and void.PNB disputed petitioners factual narration and asserted that petitioners had other(a) loans, which had likewise become due. The outstanding balance of P 1,991,770.38 was exclusive of attorneys fees and other cogitate obligations. PNB maintained that the petitioners outstanding obligation was already beyond the bid price of P8, 511,00.00. The RTC rendered its decision in favor of the petitioners. It reasoned that given that petitioners had other loan obligations which had not yet matured but became due by the date of the auction sale, does not justify the shortcut taken by PNB and will not unbosom it from paying to the Sheriff the excess bid in the foreclosure sale.To allow PNB to do so would constitute fraud, for not save is the filing fee in the said foreclosure inadequate but, worse, constitutes a misrepresentation regarding the amount of the in debtedness to be paid in the foreclosure sale posted and published in the notice of sale. The CA reversed and align aside the decision of RTC. It held that sluice assuming that indeed there was a surplus and the PNB is retaining more than the harvest-feast of the sale than it is entitled, this fact alone will not affect the validity of the sale but just gives the petitioners a cause of action to recover such surplus. Failure to remit the surplus is not tantamount(predicate) to a non-compliance of statutory requisites that could constitute a jurisdictional defect invalidating the sale.IssueWhether or not the extrajudicial foreclosure of the mortgage constituted on the subject properties is null and void. Whether or not should PNB deliver the excess bid in the foreclosure sale.HeldThe petitioners argue that since the Notice of Sheriffs Sale stated that their obligation was only P1, 991,770.38 and PNB bided P8, 551,000.00, the said Notice as well as the consequent sale of the subj ect properties were null and void. The Court held that the statutory provisions governing publication of notice of mortgage foreclosure sales must(prenominal) be strictly complied with, and that even slight deviations therefrom will invalidate the notice and render the sale at least voidable. Nonetheless, we must not also lose sight of the fact that the purpose of the publication of the Notice of Sheriffs Sale is to inform all interested parties of the date, time and place of the foreclosure sale of the real property subject thereof. Logically, this not only requires that the correct date, time and place of the foreclosure sale appear in the notice, but also that some(prenominal) and all interested parties be able to determine that what is about to be sold at the foreclosure sale is the real property in which they have an interest.The Court disagree with the finding of RTC behind the Notice of Sheriffs Sale that the discrepancy between the amount of petitioners obligation as refle cted in the Notice of Sale and the amount actually due and collected from the petitioners at the time of the auction sale constitute fraud which renders the extrajudicial foreclosure sale null and void. Notices are given for the purpose of securing bidders and to prevent a sacrifice of the property. If these objects are attained, external errors and mistakes will not affect the sufficiency of the notice but if mistakes or omissions occur in the notices of sale, which are calculated to deter or mislead bidders, to depreciate the value of the property, or to prevent it from bringing a fair price, such mistakes or omissions will be fatal to the validity of the notice, and also to the sale make pursuant thereto.Thus, we are of the view that the Notice of Sale in this case is valid. With regards to the delivery of the excess bid in the foreclosure sale, the Court said that under Rule 68, Sec. 4 of the Rules of Court, the disposition of the takings of the sale in the foreclosure shall be as follows (a) first, pay the costs, (b) secondly, pay off the mortgage debt, (c) thirdly, pay the junior encumbrancers, if any in the order of priority, (d) fourthly, give the balance to the mortgager, his agent or the person entitled to it. The application of the proceeds from the sale of the mortgaged property to the mortgagors obligation is an act of payment, not payment by dacion hence, it is the mortgage holders duty to return any surplus in the selling price to the mortgagor.Perforce, a mortgagee who exercises the power of sale contained in a mortgage is considered a custodian of the fund and, being brink to apply it properly, is liable to the persons entitled thereto if he fails to do so. Thus, the fact that the mortgagee is retaining more of the proceeds than he is entitled into does not affect the validity of the sale but simply give the mortgagor a cause of action to recover the surplus. In this case, given that the Statement of Account from PNB, being the only exis ting documentary evidence to support its claim, shows that petitioners loan obligations to amounted to P6, 409,814.92, and considering that the amount of PNBs bid is P8, 511,000.00, there is all the way an excess in the bid price which PNB must return, together with the interest computed in accordance with the guidelines hardened down by the court.

Activity Intended for Enhancing a Skill Essay Example for Free

Activity Intended for Enhancing a Skill EssayThis paper examines the effectivity of the exertion that is carried out in order to enhance a particular cleverness. The activity of turning earn into words is selected and carried out as a game between the members of an identified group with the main object being attainment of improved group performance and developing. The paper examines the degree of response achieved in the skill with the help of the intended activity.The game of Turning Letters into Words is an activity that is chosen to improve the development and performance of a group and is a great tool to develop knowledge abilities and skills through participation. Dividing the self-coloured group into smaller teams helps in building a structured approach towards shared group objective. This activity creates a stimulating learning environment for each member and hones their behavioral skills to maximize the teams performance and development. All the members participat e fully in terms giving individual contri scarcelyion as well as working together with others.Being an integral part of the team and having the responsibility of devising the maximum words possible with the provided letters, gives a boost to the team spirit. Each member is then suppositious to question oneself about whether the letters contributed by him/her helped or restricted the team members in making the or so of the needed long words. This brings out the feeling of cohesiveness and suppresses the individualistic approach, which helps in rapid increase in performance levels.The collective act of choosing the letters and making maximum words not just brings the members together, but also promotes the feeling of trust, cooperation and the winning streak. The feeling of competing at the group level helps he members to cope with the distinguishable behaviors and perspectives, without getting into the blame game. Each member strives to achieve the maximum number of words by unkn owingly working towards the strengths and weaknesses of their own teams and articulating the teams vision.The activity of forming words as a team helps in establishing clear team guidelines, objectives and a well thought out team orientation process. The process of represent the individual performance with the teams overall performance while working at a high capacity in the present role augments the group development to accomplish the maximum performance. However, a close scrutiny of the team members reaction reveals that the age group is a significant factor in defining the individuals response to such skill enhancing activities.The different set of values and location characterize the way the older generation is not so rapid with coming up with new words. The newer generation however responds more quickly to such skill grinding activities. Therefore, it can be reason that strategically designed activities can surely be used to facilitate requisite skills such as yielding perfo rmance metrics, provided the management is well knowledgeable about the degree of responsiveness. References http//www. teambuildingportal. com/games/turning-letters-words. php

The Tell Tale Heart Essay Essay Example for Free

The Tell Tale Heart Essay EssayIn Poes The Tell-Tale Heart, the fibber claims that he is non hallucinating just his bearing tells a assorted story. He is rattling determined to drop off another young-begetting(prenominal) hu homosexual being, not because of jealousy or animosity however because one of his oculusball resembled that of a vulture- a pale muddy eye, with a record over it (1206). The cashier sees the part with this unrelenting eye as a menace to his well being, but it is he who is a menace to his profess being. He kills the man with pride save to concede to his horrific crime overdue to his guilt-ridden affection. His heart is empty, except for the worthless that exists inside which at long last destroys him.The narrator insists that it his handicraft to kill the man with the evil eye because he bed no semipermanent bear to retrieve the horrifying sight. He has become ghost with the eye and when he conceives his ultimate visualize he say s it taken up(p) me day and dark (1206). Just as he describes the mans eye as akin to that of a vulture, the narrator suddenly bares the analogy of a reliable vulture. He is at once a predaSymbolism in Edgar Allen Poes The Tell-Tale Heart In Poes The Tell-Tale Heart, the narrator claims that he is not mad but his behavior tells a different story. He is truly determined to destroy another male human being, not because of jealousy or animosity but because one of his eyes resembled that of a vulture- a pale blue eye, with a film over it (1206).The narrator sees the man with this ghastly eye as a threat to his well being, but it is he who is a menace to his own being. He kills the man with pride only to concede to his horrific crime due to his guilt-ridden heart. His heart is empty, except for the evil that exists inside which ultimately destroys him. The narrator insists that it his duty to kill the man with the evil eye because he can no longer bear to observe the horrifying sight . He has become obsessed with the eye and when he conceives his ultimate plan he says it haunted me day and night (1206). Just as he describes the mans eye as similar to that of a vulture, the narrator suddenly bares the resemblance of a true vulture.He is now a predaSymbolism in Edgar Allen Poes The Tell-Tale Heart In Poes The Tell-Tale Heart, the narrator claims that he is not mad but his behavior tells a different story. He is truly determined to destroy another male human being, not because of jealousy or animosity but because one of his eyes resembled that of a vulture- a pale blue eye, with a film over it (1206). The narrator sees the man with this ghastly eye as a threat to his well being, but it is he who is a menace to his own being. He kills the man with pride only to concede to his horrific crime due to his guilt-ridden heart.His heart is empty, except for the evil that exists inside which ultimately destroys him. The narrator insists that it his duty to kill the man with the evil eye because he can no longer bear to observe the horrifying sight. He has become obsessed with the eye and when he conceives his ultimate plan he says it haunted me day and night (1206). Just as he describes the mans eye as similar to that of a vulture, the narrator suddenly bares the resemblance of a true vulture. He is now a predaSymbolism in Edgar Allen Poes The Tell-Tale Heart In Poes The Tell-Tale Heart, the narrator claims that he is not mad but his behavior tells a different story. He is truly determined to destroy another male human being, not because of jealousy or animosity but because one of his eyes resembled that of a vulture- a pale blue eye, with a film over it (1206). The narrator sees the man with this ghastly eye as a threat to his well being, but it is he who is a menace to his own being.He kills the man with pride only to concede to his horrific crime due to his guilt-ridden heart. His heart is empty, except for the evil that exists inside which ultimat ely destroys him. The narrator insists that it his duty to kill the man with the evil eye because he can no longer bear to observe the horrifying sight. He has become obsessed with the eye and when he conceives his ultimate plan he says it haunted me day and night (1206). Just as he describes the mans eye as similar to that of a vulture, the narrator suddenly bares the resemblance of a true vulture.He is now a predaSymbolism in Edgar Allen Poes The Tell-Tale Heart In Poes The Tell-Tale Heart, the narrator claims that he is not mad but his behavior tells a different story. He is truly determined to destroy another male human being, not because of jealousy or animosity but because one of his eyes resembled that of a vulture- a pale blue eye, with a film over it (1206).The narrator sees the man with this ghastly eye as a threat to his well being, but it is he who is a menace to his own being. He kills the man with pride only to concede to his horrific crime due to his guilt-ridden hear t. His heart is empty, except for the evil that exists inside which ultimately destroys him. The narrator insists that it his duty to kill the man with the evil eye because he can no longer bear to observe the horrifying sight. He has become obsessed with the eye and when he conceives his ultimate plan he says it haunted me day and night (1206). Just as he describes the mans eye as similar to that of a vulture, the narrator suddenly bares the resemblance of a true vulture. He is now a preda

Effective Habits Worksheet Essay Example for Free

Effective Habits Worksheet EssayReview Phoenix vocation Plan results of Career Plan Building Activity Work Culture Preference, respond to the descending in 50 to century words each1.Describe your deification bailiwick environment.My ideal study environment has to be in a quit and organized place. I like to listen to soft stratumical music in the approveground while I study. My dominant intelligences is Visual, Verbal, and Interpersonal. Learning while I listen to music servings me focus. Having my desk organized, I egest less era digging through files and books to find the information I need for my analyze. 2.List some of the distractions that energy hinder your study progress or your performance in an online classroom.There are few distractions that stern hinder anyones studying progress. With the online classroom, you need to go on the lucre. There are many fire pop-up ads and web site that entirelyow for get your attention. Social community web sites such as F acebook drive out also distract your studying habit. The internet fag end be helpful in many authoritys, tho it can also hinder your studying progress.3.What actions can you take to manage and eliminate distractions?The top hat way to eliminate distractions is to set your homepage to the University of Phoenix web site. You should also bock any pop-up advertisement through internet options settings. Keep your desk organize for you to easily locate the things near your surroundings. This pass on help you focus on the display case your studying.4.How will you apply your personal learning style? How does your personal Learning style affect your study habits?After finding out my VARK score, this gave me the best way for me to learn using different strategies. I rescue learned that I am better with Visual learning strategies. I will be to a greater extent focused with underlining my notes, use symbols, charts, or graphs to display my notes. This will be more hard-hitting and goin g back to my notes will help me remember the lesson I give way learned.5.List 5 effective study strategies from this week that you will use. Explain why you selected them and why they are effective strategies for online learning.1.Making studying into a part of my daily routine. all the same with the lively schedule that I apply, having it as my daily routine will allot me to go online and follow my syllabus and stay on track with my learning habit. This is also effective for online learners because, it is self-studies and you need to manage your time wisely to achieve your success. Your professors are not there to check up on you daily.2.Collaborate with others will help me with the understanding of the topics. They can provide with the ideas that I havent thought of. Going into the discussion form, you can chat with others and express your own opinions to get feedbacks. This will help the online learns since they are not in the class room environment.3.Trying to get more slee p daily. This is something I really focused this week. Sleeping will depress your stress level and help you focus more on the topic. Online learners might be busy with their schedules. This is something they all should consider. It will improve your personal as well.4.Following a regular exercise program is something I am going to try. Exercising is also tied to stress level. It is very difficult to focus when you are stressed. The best way to release stress is to exercise. Exercise will help everyone who are studying online.5.Getting a tutor will be something I will use later in the difficult courses. With my current busy schedule, it is very difficult keeping up with the subjects. Having a tutor will help me with the things I missed. This will help the online learners in the same way that I did.6.Identify one change you can make instanter to increase the effectiveness of your study habits. Explain how this will help you become more effective.Making studying into a part of my daily routine will be the most effective way to increase the effectiveness of my studying. Set myself with a fixed time schedule and always committed to the studying schedules, As long as I follow the schedule well, this will change my daily routine and I will always make an appointment around my studying time.7.How does your personal learning style relate to your ideal workplace and your personal work competencies?With my personal learning style, I am likely to pull ahead more from visual, verbal, and interpersonal environment. With my work culture, I am better with teamwork centered and leadership intensive. This relates to my interpersonal skills and I share information with others and teach the information as well. This can also relate to my competencies strengths. I have well organizing skills which tells me that it also relates to my personal learning style,8.How is understanding your ideal learning environment applicable to selecting your ideal workplace?Understanding you id eal learning environment, you will have the knowledge how to make it more effective and how to learn in a stress free environment. Everyone has a different ways to learn. Once you have mastered how to effectively study with you learning habit, you can look for a position which will allow you to work more effectively and produce the most profit for the company.

Natural Resources And The Politics Of Middle East Essay Example for Free

Natural Resources And The Politics Of spirit East examineOil exertion in the Middle East has not only been a subject of geology or exploiting the lowest- be field. Where exploration is per organize and what fields are developed has been influenced as much by governmental as by economic factors. Until the late 1960s rock crude color production and exports from the region significantly reflected the major western crude anoint companies need to cope with the demands of the different governments in the Middle East, all of whom wanted to see more oil produced in their territories in order that they could get more revenue. The oil companies were as well concerned with the political stability of the regimes in the oil-exporting countries, the dependability of supply, the likelihood of the nationalisation of oil company facilities, demands over royalty levels and pressures to tell on use of and train local nationals. In view of the fact that then, what gets produced where and e xported has depended on political and economic vigour within OPEC which efficiently determines country quotas. Iran was the first country in the Middle East in which oil was exploited with test production starting in 1903 and a key disco precise in 1908. under Reza Shah the country was politically stable, and the oil concession agreement which was signed with DArcy in 1901 on very positive equipment casualty was to run until 1994. The Anglo-Persian Oil Company, which afterwards turns into British Petroleum, was founded in 1909. Oil was not observed in Iraq until 1927, however by that time Persian production was well established, plus a diminish growth of demand, reflecting the fragile state of the international economy at the time, intended Iraqi oil development was limit in these early years. (Mohamed Rabie, 1992).Which oil fields were developed as well reflected rivalries in Middle Eastern interests between the major western powers. Britain, through the Anglo-Iranian Oil Com pany, had a virtual monopoly of exploration in Iran, consequently the United States had little choice however to look to Saudi Arabia on the other spatial relation of the Gulf, the one field of view that had not come under European imperial influences. In the 1930s the oil fields of the eastern province were opened up, plus the Arabian American Oil Company (ARAMCO) was formed by a consortium of leading United States oil companies.It was ARAMCO that developed the Ghawar and Safaniya fields in the Dhahran area which were to prove to be the largest and most dynamic in the entire world. ARAMCO carries on to account for most Saudi Arabian oil production and exports, although it was nationalised in the 1970s and the role of the American associate companies is now restricted to specialist support and marketing. There was huge resistance to attempts to take over the oil concessions awarded to western international oil companies.Conflicts between the oil companies and host-country govern ments over revenues date back to the 1920s and 1930s when oil started to be exploited in noteworthy quantities, however it was the Iranian government which was the first to demand control of production. afterward Dr Musaddiq consolidated his power as prime minister in 1952 he set up the topic Iran Oil Company, a state-owned entity, to take over Irans oil from the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company. This aggravated a biennial boycott of purchases of Iranian oil by the major western oil companies.Purchases were merely started again when Musaddiq was overthrown and terms were agreed which were satisfactory from the viewpoint of the oil companies. (John Page, 1999). In the meantime the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company had changed its name to British Petroleum. It was to focus on developing the oil fields of the Emirates on the Arab side of the Gulf, where the rulers were much more co-operative. It was this sunrise(prenominal) orientation and the co-operation with Shell, the Anglo-Dutch company, whi ch were to consequence in the major developments in Kuwait, Qatar and Abu Dhabi, and ultimately Oman.The increasing importance of the Arab Emirates as oil suppliers was not so much a reflection of the quality of their oil or relative cost factors, to a certain extent what mattered was the political environment and the security of oil supplies. Iran, and subsequently Iraq, had their exploration and production curtailed on account of their political intransigence. The beneficiaries were the Arabian Peninsula states that had their oil fields developed and exploited to a greater extent than might otherwise have been the case on the basis of geological decisions alone. (Nora Bensahel, Daniel L. Byman, 2003).

Womens issues in the 1800´s Essay Example for Free

Womens issues in the 1800s EssayIn comparing the three authors and the literary works of women authors, Kate Chopin (1850 -1904), The Awakening, Charlotte Perkins Gilmans (1860-1935), The Yellow Wallpaper, and Edith Whartons (1862-1937) Souls Belated, many common friendly issues related to women are brought to light, and though subtly pointed out are an outcry against the conventions of the time. In these three stories, which were compose between 1899 and 1913, the era was a time in which it seems, women had finally awaken to realize their tender subjugation and were becoming rebellious in their pursuit of exemption from the male- prevail societal convention in which they existed. They commenced viewing their favorable stature as unjustly inferior, and they realized that these conventions placed deterrents on their intellectual and in-person growth, and on their freedom to function as an independent person. all(a) three of these women authors have by their literary works, voiced their laborious unfavorable feelings about the patriarchal society in which they lived.These women authors have served as an eye-opener for readers, both men and women alike, in the past, and hopefully still in the present. (There are still cultures in the world today, where women are treated as unfairly as women were treated in prior centuries).These women authors have impacted a male dominated society into reflecting on of the unfairness imposed upon women. Through their writings, each of these women authors who existed during that masochistic Victorian era, risked criticism and retribution. each(prenominal) author ignored convention and proceeded to spare about womens issues. They took the gamble and suffered the consequences, but each one stood by what is just and reasonable. They were able to portray women as human beings, rather than as totally self-sacrificing and consecrate women, as was expected of women in that era.Todays women are privileged that there were dar ing women such as Kate Chopin, Edith Wharton, and Charlotte Perkins Gilman. It is besides better off(predicate) for us all, that from the late 1800s to the early disperse of the 1900s therewere women, rich enough to have the sumptuosity of leisure that enab take them write about what they felt were very important issues for women.In Kate Chopins The Awakening and Edith Whartons Souls Belated the deuce main characters admirably brave, daring, and courageous women. They were women whose souls were belatedly awakened and seemed to have gone through metamorphoses. These two women undercoat that they no longer desired to live by the imposed social moral conventions of the time. They dared to act upon their dear and emotions by opting and daring to live in sin, in order to exercise their own independence and personal freedom in other words, they refused to live with the public.Though Kate Chopins character, Edna, is portrayed as less than a disposed mother, in the end, she gives up her life for her children sake. She commits suicide so that in the future, her children would not be the objects of malicious societal gossip because of her infidelities. In Gilmans Yellow Wallpaper the main characters (name not mentioned) motherly instincts, are nearly non-existent, since it is implied that part of her mental illness has been triggered by post-partum syndrome. This lack of motherly instinct is depicted when she makes one of the few references to her child, It is fortunate Mary is so good to the baby, such a dear baby, and yet, I cannot be with him, it makes me so nervous (664).In each of the stories the women took dissimilar paths. The paths taken, though unintentional and unconventional, by Chopin and Gilmans heroines have very serious consequences, hunt down them to their desired freedom and out of their intolerable lifes responsibilities. Chopins character welcomes death through drowning. Gilmans character welcomes insanity. Whartons character initially choos es to risk losing the man she loves, rather than go back to a life plague by social conventions and expectations. Not one of the main characters chooses to go back to their original situation. In SoulsBelated, it is implied that Lydia decides to return to Gannet and possibly link up him, in order to restart living a new life with the man she loves, though she detests societies conventions.All characters were in unhappy marriages where the distribution of love was one-sided. All their marriages seem to have been marriages of convenience, as was the custom of the day, in the first place for the upper classes, and all women felt trapped. Chopins character, Edna, married Leonce Pontellier because he was financially stable, and because she wanted to go against her familys wishes. .Add to the violent showdown of her father and her sister Margaret to her marriage to a catholic and we need seek no further motives which led her to accept Monsieur Pontellier for her husband.In the Yellow W allpaper, the main character speaks of a one-sided love when she reflects It is so unverbalized to talk to John about my case, because he is so wise, and because he loves me so (663). The author Souls Belated in giving the reader a pointer as to why Lydia acted on her emotions writes .. from the first, regarded her marriage as a full canceling of her claims upon life (674).In all the stories, the authors commonly depict propriety in marriage, a yearning for freedom from convention, loveless marriages, wealth and unconventional women. Chopin and Gilman imply that the mental illnesses experienced by their characters are delinquent mainly, to male oppression. Chopin and Wharton write about infidelity, passion and love and Chopin and Gilman write about women working for pay. All authors write about women who feel trapped by tradition and convention and all display abhorrence toward the social expectations set for women.BibliographyThe Norton Anthology of American Literature. 5th Ed. W.W. Norton Co. NY. 1998.Chopin, Kate. The Awakening 672-690. Charlotte Gilman Perkins. The Yellow Wallpaper 657-670. Wharton, Edith. Souls Belated 467-670.

Generally Accepted Accounting Principles Essay Example for Free

Generally Accepted score Principles Essay11. a. twelvemonth 0 course of instruction 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4Before- evaluate silver hunt $(500,000) $52,500 $47,500 $35,500 $530,500 task make up (7,875) (7,125) (5,325) (4,575)After-tax interchange die hard 44,625 40,375 30,175 525,925 Discount factor (7%) .935 .873 .816 .763 commit lever $(500,000) $41,724 $35,247 $24,623 $401,281NPV $2,875Investor W should train the investment because NPV is positive. b. Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4Before-tax cash feed $(500,000) $52,500 $47,500 $35,500 $530,500 levy cost (10,500) (9,500) (7,100) (6,100) After-tax cash race 42,000 38,000 28,400 524,400 Discount factor (7%) .935 .873 .816 .763 leave encourage $(500,000) $39,270 $33,174 $23,174 $400,117NPV $(4,265)Investor W should not make the investment because NPV is negative.c. Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4Before-tax cash flow $(500,000) $52,500 $47,500 $35,500 $530,500 Tax cost (5,250) (4,750) (8,875) (7,625) After-tax ca sh flow 47,250 42,750 26,625 522,875 Discount factor (7%) .935 .873 .816 .763 fork over pry $(500,000) $44,179 $37,321 $21,726 $398,954NPV $2,180Investor W should make the investment because NPV is positive.16. a. fortune 1 Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 dutiable income (loss) $(8,000) $5,000 $20,000 peripheral tax estimate .40 .40 .40Tax $(3,200) $2,000 $8,000Before-tax cash flow $(8,000) $5,000 $20,000Tax (cost) or savings 3,200(2,000) (8,000) interlocking cash flow $(4,800) $3,000 $12,000Discount factor (12%) .893 .797Present value $(4,800) $2,679 $9,564NPV $7,443Opportunity 2 Year 0 Year 1 Year 2Taxable income $5,000 $5,000 $5,000 borderline tax point .40 .40 .40Tax $2,000 $2,000 $2,000Before-tax cash flow $5,000 $5,000 $5,000Tax (cost) or savings (2,000) (2,000) (2,000)Net cash flow $3,000 $3,000 $3,000Discount factor (12%) .893 .797Present value $3,050 $2,679 $2,391NPV $8,120 steadfast E should choose opportunity 2.b. Opportunity 1 Year 0 Year 1 Year 2Taxable income (loss) $(8,000) $5,000 $20,000 borderline tax rate .15 .15 .15Tax $(1,200) $750 $3,000Before-tax cash flow $(8,000) $5,000 $20,000Tax (cost) or savings 1,200 (750) (3,000)Net cash flow $(6,800) $4,250 $17,000Discount factor (12%) .893 .797Present value $(6,800) $3,795 $13,549NPV $10,544Opportunity 2 Year 0 Year 1 Year 2Taxable income $5,000 $5,000 $5,000Marginal tax rate .15 .15 .15Tax $750 $750 $750Before-tax cash flow $5,000 $5,000 $5,000Tax (cost) or savings (750) (750) (750)Net cash flow $4,250 $4,250 $4,250Discount factor (12%) .893 .797Present value $4,250 $3,795 $3,387NPV $11,432 besotted E should choose opportunity 2.c. Opportunity 1 Year 0 Year 1 Year 2Taxable income (loss) $(8,000) $5,000 $20,000Marginal tax rate .40 .15 .15Tax $(3,200) $750 $3,000Before-tax cash flow $(8,000) $5,000 $20,000Tax (cost) or savings 3,200 (750) (3,000)Net cash flow $(4,800) $4,250 $17,000Discount factor (12%) .893 .797Present value $(4,800) $3,795 $13,549NPV $12,544Opportunity 2 Year 0 Year 1 Year 2Taxable in come $5,000 $5,000 $5,000Marginal tax rate .40 .15 .15Tax $2,000 $750 $750Before-tax cash flow $5,000 $5,000 $5,000Tax (cost) or savings (2,000) (750) (750)Net cash flow $3,000 $4,250 $4,250Discount factor (12%) .893 .797Present value $3,000 $3,795 $3,387NPV $10,182Firm E should choose opportunity 1.1. a. (1) Year 0 Year 1 Year 2Before-tax recompense/income $80,000 $80,000 $80,000Marginal tax rate .25 .40 .40Tax on income $20,000 $32,000 $32,000After-tax cash flow $60,000 $48,000 $48,000Discount factor (8%) .926 .857Present value $60,000 $44,448 $41,136NPV of salary acquire by Mrs. X $145,584(2) Before-tax payment /deduction $80,000 $80,000 $80,000Marginal tax rate .34 .34 .34Tax savings from deduction $27,200 $27,200 $27,200After-tax cost $(52,800) $(52,800) $(52,800)Discount factor (8%) .926 .857Present value $(52,800) $(48,893) $(45,250)NPV of salary cost to Firm B $(146,943)b. (1) Year 0 Year 1 Year 2Before-tax salary/income $140,000 $50,000 $50,000Marginal tax rate .25 .40 .4 0Tax on income $35,000 $20,000 $20,000After-tax cash flow $105,000 $30,000 $30,000Discount factor (8%) .926 .857Present value $105,000 $27,780 $25,710NPV of salary received by Mrs. X $158,490(2) Before-tax payment /deduction $140,000 $50,000 $50,000Marginal tax rate .34 .34 .34Tax savings from deduction $47,600 $17,000 $17,000After-tax cost $(92,400) $(33,000) $(33,000)Discount factor (8%) .926 .857Present value $(92,400) $(30,558) $(28,281)NPV of salary cost to Firm B $(151,239)c. Year 0 Year 1 Year 2Before-tax payment /deduction $140,000 $45,000 $45,000Marginal tax rate .34 .34 .34Tax savings from deduction $47,600 $15,300 $15,300After-tax cost $(92,400) $(29,700) $(29,700)Discount factor (8%) .926 .857Present value $(92,400) $(27,502) $(25,423)NPV of salary cost to Firm B $(145,325)This proposal is superior (has less cost) to Firm B than its authentic offer.d. Year 0 Year 1 Year 2Before-tax salary/income $140,000 $45,000 $45,000Marginal tax rate .25 .40 .40Tax on income $35,000 $18,000 $18,000After-tax cash flow $105,000 $27,000 $27,000Discount factor (8%) .926 .857Present value $105,000 $25,002 $23,139NPV of salary received by Mrs. X $153,141Mrs. X should accept this counterproposal because it hasa greater NPV than Firm Bs authoritative offer.

Congratulations Class Essay Example for Free

congratulations Class EssayAt educate you possess started to put in place the building blocks of your educational future. You have performed so well and ar exclusively outstanding students. You have removed your own lives so much and have leaned every issue so well. You have on the whole grown up and we are very proud of you. I look around the room and get the stars of the future.You have also changed the lives of your friends for the better. There has been great team employ and support for every bingle. You should be proud of the focus you have worked together. in addition your t to each oneers and parents have had their lives changed for the better. They do love you very much. Thanks to the teachers for creating a wonderful, nurturing environment for these wonderful graduates. Graduation period is a time of mixed emotions a time for sadness as you say your goodbyes to teachers and friends who in one way or another have become part of your lives a day of excitement as you look forward towards a newfound page in your lives- a march into adulthood, independence and self-sufficiency As you ponder about the happenings of those not so distant past those seemingly endless nights of work and toil as you struggle for prestige and excellence the downfalls and the triumphs the laughter and tears all have bunched into this thing called experience beckoning you to pause and rest for just a second and then driving your young imaginations to formerly over once more wallow into a renewed struggle for recognition and survivalIndeed, being a highschool school graduate is an end with a new beginning looming in the horizon in each of your young lives. Todays theme is The Graduate A Partner Towards Transformational Society, An Answer to Societal metamorphose (Ang Mga Magsisipagtapos Kaagapay Tungo sa Pagbabagong Anyo ng Lipunan Tugon sa Hamon ng Sambayanan). It is the great dispute for you graduates on how you will answer this call for a change a change t hat will serve as yardstick as to what will be your contributions to this rescript in the future. In todays ever demanding environment, you the graduates must serve as a particle accelerator in providing a vehicle for societal change. First and fore to the highest degree, you must become productive and useful citizens supremacy is by choice not by chance, you are the ones responsible for the preparation of your future and inveterate education is the answer it isthe KEY With poverty and hardships hindering you to have an access to education you must brand name your hearts and minds, harden your resolves, and bring out your resourcefulness and resiliency yet trusting in the benignancy of the GREAT ALMIGHTYThese attributes for sure will serve as your guide and beacon in send for you to safely charter your course in any brewing storm this life can offer. My near(a) graduates, you must recollect that the right kind of mindset is very important in order for you to be where you w ant to be. Having the right kind of mindset enables you to focus on the right dreams and aspirations, a necessity in forming the right kind of attitude and habits and in return enabling you to make all your longings and your dreams become a reality. True enough today, these are yet but dreams but if they do come true conceive of the exhilaration, the happiness the sweet taste of success all yours for the taking Therefore you must be in the forefront of change never tiring of making things work and click, unmindful of all the hurts and failures encountered My friends there is a saying that as we walk in our journey through life we encounter three antithetical kinds of people those who make things happen, those who watched what happens and those who wonder what happened My dependable graduates where do you belong? I remember, 1995 when I started my years of school, I was so excited for what would I learn in school.Also with every closing program I am so excited also with awards t hat I would have. For 6 years in elementary, I have gained the confidence that all throughout my school life I would have awards every closing. Graduating from elementary, with our status in life, that didnt pr blusht me from striving more and still I continued with my endeavor. I even remember my titos and titas convincing me to take my high school in Tuguegarao, but then I decided just to study here in mangga high school. From buyun, I walked going to school even during heavy rains and the mud that we walk on, I still enjoyed it and those instances in my life didnt hinder me from pursue my dream to finish school and attain my dream in the future. For four years, I endured the hardships and trials that come on my way. Going to school with just enough money on my pocket and not even having the most delicious snacks in the canteen, not experiencing the life of the rich students in the city, made me more think of a better future ahead of me and my family. After all those years, I gr aduated with flying colors again another trial is trying to test me. My review for the incoming board examination is again my familys problem, but God is so good to me that my uncle helped me still with my fees.With 6 months of reviewing hard, the day for my board came, I actually strive hard to make it good and there luckily I passed the boeard examination. And now, still I am just beginning my life to be a real help and a partner for this caller to change for the better by providing a better role as a professional. T his lively day in your lives and as you go on separate ways wouldnt it be victorian that one day in the not so distant future you will meet again some maybe with great tales of exploits and adventure, some of heartaches and pains, some maybe of self realizations and musings but wouldnt it be wonderful that in that much awaited reunion you in your selves have found your sense of interior peace?A peace rooted in the fact that you have in one way or another have don e your share for the advancement of the society in which you are an immanent part? If your answer to this question by that time is a big YES it is only then my dear graduates that you can really proudly say that you, The Graduate has become a true partner in transforming our society that you have become a true catalyst for social change That my dear graduates is my challenge to you all Go forth and be the hope of generations to come become hope of the future recuperate THE WORLD I hope you have a wonderful day today and enjoy all your celebrations.I look forward to the next stage in your development. You are all ready to go to on to the next stage of your educational journey. Good luck for the future. Thank you vey much and again Congratulations

Business communication Essay Example for Free

Business discourse EssaySNC-Lavalin is unmatchable of the largest engineering companies in Canada, and one of the largest all around the world, however, failed to effectually communicate and face intercourse problem. This analysis report contains communion problems and influences on company. Additional information related to features and symptoms of communication problem. Likewise, communicate with stakeholder groups result in concerns, and SNC-Lavalin use distinguishable communication model to deal with severally group. The of import communication problem is bypassing and different frames of reference. In communication process, bypassing can result in miscommunication, because the CEO and employee do not have the same symbolic meanings and wreak own biases in any communication. Due to the longer lines of communication between CEO and employee, the message could be distorted. This problem impact on company fund missing and mystery payment, also, SNC-Lavalins stock cas tigate a lot. The reason of problem happens because lack trust, lack communication skills competition for status and rewards.It is easy to cause communication problem if no trust between communicationthrough the long over time, the mistakes go forth be suffer seriously and many mistakes atomic number 18 due to lack communication skills. Meanwhile, personal status and rewards exit cause bypassing, lack organization concept, to the extent that different people pay more attention on their own profit rather than the common goal. SNC-Lavalin shows several symptoms due to communication problem. First, agents help company make it a contract by paid bribes, but cant follow the appropriate routines. Second, later onward $56 million dollars missing, Gwyn Morgan, the company chairman, denied that there is no responsibility forsuperior officers, and resign suddenly after stated. Third, Cynthia Vanier help Muammar Gaddafis son smuggle and do illegal trading, as well as denied the charge. E mployees and shareholders are the key stakeholder groups, however, different group has different concern.To specific, employees concern about their job and incomebecause it is close related to employees life sentence quality. Meanwhile, shareholders concern about their profit, because it means stock rights will be influenced, in other word, shareholders profit could losing. SNC-Lavalin follows the communication models with all(prenominal) stakeholder group. As for communicate with employees the first step is having idea. After organize idea, use encode similar transfer language and write down or typewriting. After that, delivered by announcement or email. In order to overcome misunderstanding, improve the flow of message in company. Sign on the paper one by one after employees receive, if have problem mark it clearly. SNC-Lavalin have to give an effectively communication to shareholders.When idea formation by SNC-Lavalin, convert an idea into words that include meaning. It is nec essary for general shock of shareholders every year, in the meeting shareholders understand the meaning stand for decodes the message successfully. Finally, ask question come up with feedback, and descriptive is the best choice. In conclusion, it is important for SNC-Lavalin communication effectively. This case analysis points out the main communication problem refer to SNC-Lavalin, at the same time, detail analysis about influence on company, moreover, discuss reason and manifestation about communication problem. After that, analyze the two key stakeholder groups, and each of them has different concern. Last but not least, SNC-Lavalin use communication model to deal the relationship with each stakeholder group.

Managing change in the British Airways

Managing interpolate in the British AirwaysContemporary worry unfalterings face unique opportunities and challenges in their reckon for survival and increment. British Airways, the UKs flag carrier airline, has invariably had to deal with legion(predicate) external and internal challenges, ever since its formation in 1974. BA has suffered harsh financial losses during 2009 and 2010 its cumulative net losses for the deuce years count to around 800 billion GBP. The organisational management recognises the need to bring in a portentous strategic s get in order to grow and improve its grocery store sh be and competitive advantage.The confederations miscellanea initiatives, however, face legion(predicate) obstacles. This report examines the need for strategic counter inter adjustment at British Airways. This is fol down in the m extincthed by discussions on the requisites for lucky organisational diverseness, the barriers go about by the corporation in bringing about s uch change, and recommendations on the way forward.1.1. OverviewModern sidereal day organisations face unprecedented opportunities and challenges in their quest for championship success and competitive advantage. Environmental change of astound and global dimensions has changed the landscape of contemporary business (Hughes, 2006, p 14). Such environmental change, which commenced in earnest later the Second World War with the decolonisation of spacious populations, accelerated in later years with the growth and subsequent collapse of the Soviet bloc, the reunification of Germany, the formation of the European Union, economic liberalisation across maturation countries, the emergence of chinaware and India as economic and political powers, astonishing developments in technology, and of course globalisation (Hughes, 2006, p 14). Whilst changes in global environmental conditions and advances in science and technology opened up numerous opportunities to business organisations, the y in any case resulted in the creation of numerous challenges that panicened the operations and the very existence of established business firms (Hughes, 2006, p 14).Much of the modern day challenges to business organisations come from intensified controversy, the emergence of numerous bleak products and substitutes, the development of equal quality but scummy-cost production and service centres in the emerging economies and from expert advances (Henry, 2008, p 44). The Japanese focus on fuel efficient small cars, pulled the rug from beneath the feet of huge automobile makers like General Motors and Ford, dethroning them from their positions of undisputed global leaders of the automobile sector (Henry, 2008, p 44). humbled cost mining of Rare Earth Metals in China led to the closing of mines of such metals in the US and other(a) countries and to concentration of 97% of global production of Rare Earth Metals in China (Areddy, 2010, p 11). Liberalisation of give out and free movement of people across the world for purposes of business and travel resulted in the emergence of low cost airlines like Ryan Air and Easy Jet in the UK and others in different parts of the world, causing body blows to established airline giants like British Airways, Air France, and Swiss Air, close to of which, (like Swiss Air), closed shop (Lynch, 2006, p 52).British Airways, the flag carrier airline of the UK has constantly faced external and internal challenges, ever since its inception in the early 1970s (British Airways, 2011, p 1). create by the coming together of BOAC, BEA, Cambrian Airways and North East air ducts in 1974, the organisation worked as a public sector corporation for 13 years until it was privatised by UKs Conservative government in 1987 (British Airways, 2011, History). British Airways (BA) has had to face numerous environmental challenges in its history, both as a public and as a private sector carrier. Such challenges read occurred on account of reas ons like uttermost(prenominal) competition from other airlines in its domestic and global operations, erosion of market share on account of entry of low cost airlines, global terrorism, pandemics like SARS and Bird Flu, and natural calamities (British Airways, 2011, Annual Reports). The terrorist strikes of September 11, 2001, resulted in a huge downturn in local and international travel, resulting in the collapse of numerous airlines and in signifi heapt financial losses (approximately 200 million GBP in 2002) for British Airways, which lost (British Airways, 2011, Annual Report 2002).The volcanic explosion in Iceland, which resulted in ash filled skies and disruption of flights in early 2010, withal resulted in fundamental revenue losses (Milmo, 2010, p 1). The last two years, 2009 (losses of 400 million GBP before taxes) and 2010 (losses of 530 million GBP before taxes) guide been truly alarming for the organisation (Milmo, 2010, p 1). It also postulate to be established th at whilst thousands of shareholders enthusiastically subscribed to the companys shares at the time of its privatisation, they have gained very little, by way of dividends or market value appreciation, in the last 24 years (Hosking, 2009, p 1).The management of British Airways recognises the need for the Airline to change significantly in response to various environmental challenges in order to grow and compound market share and competitive advantage. A number of change initiatives have also been introduced by the company in various strategic and operational areas with varying degrees of success.1.2. ObjectiveThis report examines the need for strategic change at British Airways. Such examination is followed by discussions on the requisites for successful organisational change and the barriers faced by the corporation in bringing about such change. The report closes with a section on recommendations and conclusions.2. strategic Change at British AirwaysModern day organisations, as dis cussed in the preceding section, need to change on account of various internal and external environmental reasons, in order to achieve organisational growth, rise productivity and profitability, and enhance competitive advantage (Cameron Green, 2004, p 31). Such strategic change could be involve to exploit virgin opportunities as well to obtain protection from threats. Such strategic change could also be obligatory to break out from existing conditions of financial di try on or operational or strategic deficiencies (Cameron Green, 2004, p 31). The importance of bringing about strategic change has been emphasised by numerous management academics and experts, who have repeatedly addressed its importance for modern day organisations (Cameron Green, 2004, p 31). Peter Drucker in fact drives the point home by stating that it is the responsibility of every responsible manager to constantly search for ways in which he or she can beneficially contribute to the dish up of strategic c hange (Stein, 2010, p 7).Whilst organisations clearly have to film in strategic change, if not out of choice than out of necessity, their track record of success in its realisation is hapless (Balogun, 2001, p 2). Many senior managements leave out to understand that performance of strategic change, i.e. the conversion of plans to reality, constitutes the closely uncontrollable part of the change process (Balogun, 2001, p 2). Such change can become possible only when individuals working in organisations change their behavioral ways and patterns and align them with wise strategic objectives (Balogun, 2001, p 2).Strategic change is not new to BA. legion(predicate) case studies detail BAs success in change management. The organisation engaged in strategic lay off by practically 40% in 1981 and 1983 (Docshare, 2009, pp 27 to 30). Privatisation in 1987 called for the bringing about of significant ethnic change. The adoption of the Putting People First programme in the 1980s ai med to align organisational working with new competitive realities and modify the behaviour of guests, who were deserting the airline in droves (Docshare, 2009, p 36).Recent years have also witnessed a number of change initiatives, primarily in response to incisive competition by low cost carriers like Ryan Air and Easy Jet and altered customer expectations. The commissioning of Terminal 5 at Heathrow, which encountered significant negative publicity in account of opening day operational goof-ups, is wizard such example. The company is currently operating with a multi-pronged business dodging that includes (a) up gradation of customer experience, (b) modernisation of aircraft fleet, (c) offering new services, (d) managing its cost base and (e) increasing corporate social responsibility in areas of environment (British Airways, 2011, Annual Report 2008, Chairmans Speech).Whilst this report does not deal with an elaborate strategic analysis of the company, the most important fact or outs about its internal and external environment, as well as its current performance are bulleted below.The organisation operates in an environment of screaming(prenominal) regulation and heightened security because of terrorist threats.Its sales revenues and profitability are under threat because of the global economic crisis, slow projected global economic growth, the weakening of the pound, and oil prices, which have started soaring again.With the population of its home market ageing steadily, the organisation will be under stress to achieve the same amount of revenues from existing customers.With riders becoming increasingly aware and vocal about their rights and anticipate service levels, BA continues to be under pressure on account of underperformance in areas of cancelled flights and scummy baggage handling.The management and the cabin crew union are in direct confrontation with severally other.The organisation has suffered severe financial losses during the last two y ears with cumulative net losses for 2009 and 2010 near 800 million GBP.The organisations biggest threat, now and in the coming years is in the area of revenues, sales, costs and profits. With competition likely to intensify and global economic growth forecasted to be low, the company urgently needs to engage in activities for improving its financial viability (Milmo, 2010, p 1). Cost management and reduction is a critical element of organisational outline. Whilst all airlines are equally affected by fluctuations in fuel costs, large economic and passenger movement trends, terrorism and global political instability, BAs labour and workforce costs are significantly higher(prenominal) than its competitors (Carley, 2009, p 1). It is relevant to note in this context that BA employees earn more than 2 multiplication the fee earned by Virgin Air workers (Robertson, 2009, p 1).BA has adopted a strategy of cost management and reduction to overcome these financial challenges. Whilst the or ganisation is still financially strong, further periods of poor performance could well strain its financial resources (Carley, 2009, p 1). The major area of cost reduction relates to remuneration and employment terms of its employees, especially its cabin crew.3. Change Management StrategiesWhilst BAs immediate and imperative change strategy focuses on the critical area of financial viability, the route is extremely challenging because of its need for considerable employee sacrifice. It needs to be appreciated that the organisation has initiated a number of other strategic changes to improve customer expiation and satisfaction, including the commissioning of terminal 5 at Heathrow, (McGinn, 2009, p 2), and the need to achieve financial viability has now fictional important dimensions.Change management theories focus on three important dimensions, namely (a) the planning and carry throughation of the change process, (b) the enfolding of the organisation in the proposed strategic change, and (c) the role of leading in the change process for bringing about of successful strategic change (Hayes, 2006, p 71). Both Lewin and Kotter stress upon the need to implement change in a planned process that takes the organisation from its current stage to its desired distinguish through clearly demarcated phases. Lewin states that change management can be best achieved through the planned action of three phases, namely unfreezing, implementing of change and refreezing the organisation in its new state through institutionalisation of implemented changes (Lewin, 2005, p 9). Kotter, whilst basically following Lewins theory, feels that the process can be better achieved through the implementation of change in 7 stages (Kotter, 1996, p 7).Change management experts secondly call for the committed involvement of organisational staff for the successful implementation of strategic change proposals (Bovey Hede, 2001, p 373). Many proposed strategic changes can result in unsusc eptibility from organisational employees on account of causes like (a) incomplete knowledge of the proposed change, (b) ignorance about change objectives and benefits, (c) lack of belief in change benefits, and (d) change associated threats to the individual and collective wellbeing of organisational employees (Bovey Hede, 2001, p 373). Whilst ignorance about the nature and objectives of change can be set right through appropriately designed and powerful communion, tackling change related threat perceptions of employees is totally another matter (Bovey Hede, 2001, p 373). Such threat perceptions could arise because of apprehensions about (a) change in working condition, (b) change in terms of employment, (c) change in location, (d) requirement to take up new functions, (e) need to learn new skills, (f) loss of remuneration, and (g) loss of employment (Bovey Hede, 2001, p 373).The third critical factor in bringing about successful strategic change concerns the role of organisatio nal leaderships (Hayes, 2006, p 78). Organisational leaders mustiness clearly outline the proposed strategic changes, communicate the change objectives and the reasons for such change to organisational members, and bring about intense involvement of organisational employees in the change process (Hayes, 2006, p 78). Such involvement is essentially done by leading from the front and through visible commitment to the change process. Effective leaders identify and assist change champions throughout the organisation to support the change process, engage in constant and transparent communication about the benefits of change and obtain he support of the overwhelming majority of organisational employees to the change process (Hayes, 2006, p 78).4. Barriers to Change at British AirwaysBA has asked individual employees to accept temporary earning reductions and has engaged in negotiations with unions for pay cuts, alterations in employment terms, and reduction in its workforce. The company s management asked employees in June 2009 to work without basic pay for a maximum period of 4 weeks over six months, take a year of unpaid leave, and change from fulltime to part time employment for a period that could stretch up to a year.It is proving to be difficult to bring about strategic changes for effecting reduction in employee costs at the airline because of intense foeman by well organised and united cabin crew members to proposed changes (Carley, 2009, p 1). Whilst BAs pilots have agreed to some reduction in remuneration, the cabin crew has strongly opposed the changes and has constantly threatened to take industrial action if such changes are implemented (Carley, 2009, p 1).Effective strategic change, it is accepted, is difficult to implement without employee involvement and participation. Organisational leaderships try to bring about such involvement through communication, creation of awareness and training. The involvement and placement of even a significant proport ion of employees in the change process, along with constructive empathy for employees likely to be adversely affected by the change process, helps organisations to implement change processes that include termination, salary reduction and downsizing.It is necessary to understand that BAs cabin crew, whose agreement and involvement is important for effecting strategic change, are strongly united in their opposition to organisational plans and strategies (Neilcaff, 2011, p 1). The strength of their unity has been evidenced in the past when their strikes have resulted in significant stoppages and financial losses (Neilcaff, 2011, p 1). The last two years have been marked by intense confrontation between the management and the cabin crew on this issue, with no constructive result. The first half(a) of the current year has been spent in the shadow of a proposed strike during the Easter holidays (Neilcaff, 2011, p 1). rough part of this problem can also be attributed to the current organi sational leadership at British Airways. The leadership style of Willie Walsh, the existing CEO could also be a barrier to the change process. Walshs autocratic and unmitigated style is not encouraging employee stakeholders to acknowledge and embrace the required change. Other leaders, like Schultz at Starbucks, have been more successful at driving change programmes. 5. Recommendations and ConclusionsThe course of urgently required strategic change at British Airways is being thwarted by constant stand-offs between the management and employee unions, even as the organisation continues to be buffeted by a difficult competitive environment, soaring fuel prices and intense competition. It is relevant to note that the principal owners of the organisation, i.e. the shareholders, have received little benefits over the years, even as two sets of agents, the management and the employees, have obtained significant financial benefits and continue to wrangle over their individual interests and egos.It would appear to be opportune for shareholder organisations and even the government to step in, appoint neutral experts, obtain suggestions for strategic change, and jab such measures through, even at the risk of industrial action and financial losses. The failure to take firm action and drive change forward could well have catastrophic repercussions for the company.