Marketing Plan For The Bank Of America Marketing Essay

Marketing Plan For The curse Of America Marketing EssayBank of America (boa) is one of the worlds thumpingst financial institutions and holding companies. It has achieved this via a combination of strategic traffic and market decisions which enabled it to expand to cover more than 75% of the get together States population and 44% of the countrys high net worth households for a lend of 55 million consumer and small business clients. The marketing plan of BoA is highly detailed to accommodate the many products and services the bank offers the U.S. and planetary consumer.Competition within the U.S. banking effort is fierce with a number of large banks in the market place including JP Morgan Chase, Citigroup, Wells Fargo, and HSBC, all offering alike(p) products and services to the U.S. population. Innovation amongst the banking industry is difficult to achieve and hence grand but BoA, through with(predicate) its earlier investment in services look into and development, is f ountainhead gear uped to increasingly expand its market share.The banks strong distribution network, eccentric by any of its competitors, allows it to hold a strong market federal agency in the U.S. and international market which result allow it to withstand the veritable financial crisis and depressed economic conditions. Its concentration in the U.S. means that its stirred by the movements in the U.S. economy. For example, during the economic crisis the bank sustained heavy losings due to the subprime market exposure which placed a great plow of pressure on margins and eroded the banks capital of the United States.Its ability to quickly repay its brass loans borrowed via the Troubled Assets Relief Program (TARP) displays the banks cautious and sensible approach to capital management and dividend policy thus further strengthening its solvency position.Despite having already maximised its market share of U.S. deposits under federal law, BoA still has a number of expansion o pportunities available. These include its credit card and affinity marketing operations, its wealth management business through its acquisition of Merrill Lynch and its mortgage division through the acquisition of Countrywide Financial Corporation. These opportunities however will be subject to pending government measures and regulations due to be essential as a result of the recent financial economic crisis.The banks principal(prenominal) objective is to dominate the American retail banking sector and strive to break down a market leader by obtaining the largest market share through better value for money banking products, better customer services, tailored banking solutions that match customer needs and high promotion spending. It secondarily plans to expand its pock into international markets and become a universal bank.BoA has chosen to position itself as an all-American brand, with sponsorships and products that include NASCAR and Major League Baseball. Given that banks es sentially shift the same services and products, differentiation is necessary to gain a rivalrous advantage by providing the consumer market greater value propositions. Innovation amongst the banking industry is difficult to achieve and rare but BoA, through its earlier investment in services research and development, has revolutionised banking by providing innovative products such as the Keep the Change endure, full customer service leges and advanced online banking facilities.The first-string product that BoA focuses on promoting is its brand. By creating brand awareness, the bank aims to take a shit consumers confidence and trust and thus cater to their needs as a secondary approach by offering products and services includingThe bank allocates $2.3 million to its marketing budget, and that amount is expected to grow (Anne Saunders, Brand and Advertising executive Oct 2008). Advertising campaigns have been realigned to match customers concerns about banking.Implementation is usually on an annual basis which ensures that before the second phase of the project is covered, the finances released for the first phase have to be accounted for fully. This helps curb the misappropriation of funds. The instruction execution of the market plan in phases also enables the investors to monitor the progress of the business at different levels of growth.ControlBoA employ a perpetual measuring process using a dashboard approach aline the critical elements in the marketing mix that seem to do the around and make the most difference not only for our brand, but, specifically, for product gross revenue BoA is deeply steeped in Six Sigma we are continuously conducting a measurement process we plan we test we implement we analyse and we ameliorate (Anne Finucane, Chief Marketing Officer, Bank of America).Customer satisfaction and feedback is measured via branch and online questionnaires, feedback forms, media reports and brand loyalty linked to product and service use . BoA unendingly reviews Return On investment (ROI) on each product in terms of profitability by customer, segment, region and unit as well as comparing the best use of media alternatives.In 2007, BoA introduced a brand positioning and tag line with a totally unified marketing approach Bank of America The Bank of Opportunity. This was the latest campaign in the banks marketing history. Its ongoing successes, despite the economic booms and busts, can be attributed to its research methods, innovation, product development, customer segmentation, sales training, and corporate social responsibility.

Sources of Population Data

Sources of nation selective breedingPresented byShahroz Ullah Badrana14-10426 Population is exposit as the completed discoverion of the plenty living in our town, state, region or in a unsophisticated and the watchive characteristics such as age, sex, marital status and gender. Population is an entire group regarding whom we ar interested in drawing the conclusions. Basic tot bothy in ally the universe info tell us ab pop out the number of people that argon living or planned to be living in an reach and it is as well about the all the number of people belonging to contrary religions and races living in a specified bea.Sources of Population tuitionThe well-nigh important problem that the social scientists be facing now eld is the collection of the accurate, reliable and relevant selective information. Basically, the subject matter of the tribe geography is so immense so thats why the community geographers subscribe large smorgasbord and amount of entro py which pertains to all the attri thoes of the universe of discourse. Although, the fortuneicular data which is being requires by the commonwealth geographers is also parasitic upon the issue he is working upon. At the micro level the state geographers collect the primordial data whereas on the macro level it is far more beyond the level of any individual to collect the data on all the attri moreoveres of the tribe. So is should think that it is very difficult for an individual to collect data for large area thats why a people geographer ceaselessly prefer to look for other official reference works for the collection of the data. The primary sources of the existence data on the population size, characteristics and demographic structure are the nose wait, projections, the registrations, migration reports and the measures. Whereas, whatsoever of the statistics regarding the population back tooth be produced in the form of secondary sources such as statistical abstract s indeed. In the regard of secondary sources for the collection of population data the join Nation Organization itself is the biggest producer of the Population data.Population CensusThe population numerate which is regarded as the most(prenominal) important source of elemental data for the population data and it is conducted either decennially or quinquenially. A census count offers us a spectrum of the population at a specialized dapple in era covering a vast range of the economic demographic and social attri onlyes of the very population. Ones we have the dish up of census in our rude wherefore it became a continuous work and repeated in the country after every 5 to 10 years. In modern terms the census is defined as a knead of collecting, compiling and publishing the economic, social and demographic data pertaining to all the individuals living in a country at any specific point in condemnation. The first ever complete census of population of data has been conducted in 1881 on a uniform basis end-to-end the India. So thats why the census of 1881 has provided complete population data and demographic place down for any comparable population. Even now days the modern census also go about a series of terminus ad quems harmonise to population geographer Zelinsky countries that have low level of technological achievement faced the problems such as ignorance, suspicion and dish wizsty have do the travail of census very difficult to perform. Even though, these countries also faced the administrative problem of getting funds for conducting the census. A nonher most important limitation to the census is the frequent boundary modification both at the outside(a) as well as at the regional level. As we all know that the censuses always have a specific reference point in time so if we introduce any boundary modifications then it will strict the utility of census data. In those states where the census call back place after every 10 year so in that ga p of Ten years a remarkable change chancered in the population. So it is suggested that a sample surveys should be conducted in such countries in order to fill the gaps between the two censuses.The SurveysIt is very difficult to pull out between a census and the survey as there is no clear cut differentiation between both of them. Census is described as the complete national atomic number 50vass of the whole population of the country whereas the canvass of the selected households with an idea of collecting information regarding demographic attributes and socio economic conditions is regarded as survey indeed. In fact, surveys are conducted for supplementing the census data. In the recent snap the surveys has been conducted in order to collect the information regarding the fertility, mortality, mobility, morbidity, under employment, welfare, health, education and unemployment. such kind of surveys often include attitudinal question regarding the problems of the population. So we could say that the type of surveys is just to provide explanatory information to the population analysis. Both the unavowed organizations and governments are very much engaged in conducting the surveys. The National try out Surveys are conducted in the form of rounds and the each round covers several subjects but the emphasis is made on only cardinal of the subject during a specific period.The RegistrationThe practice of the population registration has been very mutual even before the emergence of the process of regular census. The Far eastmost has a great demographic tradition of the population registration and its major function is to control the population. In this registration process the family is considered as the basic social unit for forestalling record of the population. However, such a record keeping phenomena should have yielded a continuous population register but in reality the compilation has been never made or if made then in inaccessible secret archives. P resently, in the modern humanity many countries have adopted the registration systems in order to keep the record of deaths, births, marriages, adoptions, divorces etc. In some states it is known as population registers for record keeping.Administrative RecordsBasically, these are the statistics that are acquired from the different administrative process. These administrative records not only include the live events that have been recorded in the civil registration system but it also includes the data on employment, deaths, births, education and health etc. well, the reliability of the data obtained from administrative records is underage upon the completeness with the classifications and concepts that have been used in the census in order to collect population data. Theses administrative records are regarded as the by-products of the administrative records. The administrative data is collected due to the day to day operations of the organizations and there administrative files c an be used as a substitute for census and surveys. 1Miscellaneous SourcesOther then the sources mentioned above the population geographers also practise use of migration reports, projections, estimates and linguistic reports. It has been observed that the United Nations is fulfilling the responsibility of collecting vital population data from the member countries. The Estimates are produces in a variety of ways means the estimates are produced from the continuous population registers under the systems of registration. Secondly, these estimates can also be gathered with the help of the sample surveys. Thirdly, we can also compute the estimates by carrying population from the previously made population census. Projections are basically related to the estimates of the population for the future. These projections can be made for the fundamental population of the country or they can be made with respect to marital status, sex and age. Basically, the compilation of the projections at th e international level is not as common as we have the compilation of the estimates. I should say that the estimates can also be calculated by taking the population from the previous census by the mathematical extrapolation of the past trends. Basically, the quality of the estimates is dependent on the type of the method used such as the estimates are mostly published in the national reports such as in the national statistical yearbooks. While, the population projections are related to the estimates of the population for the future.2Errors in Population DataActually, we are dealt with two common types of faultings in the statistical data the Non Sampling and the Sampling error. It is very important for a police detective to be fully aware of these errors mentioned earlier most importantly the non try errors so these errors can be minimized or even eliminated from the population data collected. Basically, the non taste errors are the errors that arose while the collection of the data. These kinds of errors exist in both censuses as well as in the sample surveys and they are very difficult to measure. These non try errors arose due to the defects in the sampling flesh, the chastisement in identifying the butt end population the receptions given by the respondents and data impact and reporting. If we talk about the defects in the sampling error which means that insurance coverage error has been occurred. Although, there are two very common types of errors that is prime in the census are coverage and content errors. These converge errors occur when there is wrong addition of the units in the sampling frame. These errors are mainly caused by the reasons such as inaccuracy, duplication and old or out of date sampling frames. Then, the failure to identify the target population occurs when the target population is not defined clearly because of the use of the vague concepts. solvent may occur from the data that have been recorded, requested and collected in an in mark way. That data is the result of the inefficiencies in the questioners, the surveys, the respondent and the survey process itself. Now if we talk about the non responsive results in that case the data is not collected from the respondents. The proportion of these non respondents in the very sample is called the non response rate and it can be total or partial indeed. bear upon occurs at different stages of the data processing such as the editing, capturing and change of the data. Another error is Time period bias and this error is occurred when the survey or census in order to get the population data is performed at inappropriate time so thats why the correct and appropriate timing of survey is very important. We can minimize these non sampling errors ifWe tend to use the accurate and up to date sampling frameBy selecting an appropriate time for conducting the surveyProper planning for heed up of the non respondentsThe questioner should be carefully designedMost imp ortantly we need to device such good systems In order to set about the errors that occur during the collection of the population data and that system is regarded as data quality assurance systems.Whereas, on the other hand the Sampling error is about the difference arose between the estimate which has been derived from the sample survey and the headmaster true value that would come as a result of the census of the whole population. These sampling errors arose because the data that have been collected if from some part of it not from the whole population and these sampling errors are only curb up to the sample surveys. These sampling errors can be measured from the sample data in the form of the probability sampling. The factors that affect most sampling errors are sample size, sampling fraction and the sample design. Biasness is also one of the reasons of the sampling error and such kinds of errors are considered as the systematic errors. We can minimize by applying the sampling techniques within the constraints of the available resources.3Most of the time the demographers use the population data in order to analyze and describe the evolution and the structure of the population. Basically, there is two type of data which is most used by the geographers. Basically, the population data comes in many forms and shapes but we classify it two main groupsType of data that provide information on stocksType of data that provide information on the flowsThe population data on the on the stocks give us a count of individual members of the population at a specific point in time. Basically, it stocks provide us with snapshot of the population size and its composition. The composition of the population includes age, gender and race. The data available on flows provide us with information on the exits and entries of population between the two specific points in time and such kind of information comes from the vital registration system which is one of the most important sou rces of the population data.BibliographyBOOKSDR Chandra, R.C. Geography of population 2009. 8th edition. Kalyani Publishers, unseasoned Delhi India.Bergman, Edward. F, Renwick, William. H. Introduction to Geography People, Places and Environment. 3rd Edition. India. Pearson education, India ISBN 0131445456Prof Qazi, S.A, Navid Shabir Qazi. Population Geography. APH Publishers. New Delhi India.Weeks, conjuring trick R. an introduction to concepts and Issues. Ninth edition. Wadsworth publishers. United States ISBN O-534-62779-XURLSData collection and Sampling. Assessed on 29 April, 2014. https//www.utdallas.edu/scniu/OPRE-6301/documents/Data_Collection_and_Sampling.pdfQualtrics. 5 common errors in the research process. create on June 21, 2012. Assessed on 29 April, 2014. http//www.qualtrics.com/blog/5-common-errors-in-the-research-process/Statistic Canada. Sampling error. Data modified on 23 July, 2013. Data assessed on 30 April, 2014. http//www.statcan.gc.ca/edu/power-pouvoir/ch6/ sampling-echantillonage/5214807-eng.htmSuharto, Sam. Complementary sources of demographic and social statistics. Published on 10 August, 2001. Department of Economics and Social affairs United Nations secretariat. Assessed on 30 April, 2014. http//unstats.un.org/unsd/demog/docs/symposium_03.htm1 Suharto, Sam. Complementary sources of demographic and social statistics.2 DR Chandra, R.C. Geography of population 2009. 8th edition. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi India.3 Weeks, John R. an introduction to concepts and Issues. Ninth edition. Wadsworth publishers. United States ISBN O-534-62779-X

Resonance Frequency Analysis Tool for Implant Stability

vibrancy Frequency Analysis Tool for Implant perceptual constancyDr. Vishwanath Pattar Dr. Anjana Bagewadi MDS resonance frequency abstract (RFA) A diagnostic tool for embed perceptual constancy dental establishs have become a undertakeificant verbalism of tooth replacement in prosthodontic sermon. High implant success pass judgment of the hal beginning of 78-100 % have been published, with more(prenominal) than 15 years of observation time. intercession success of dental consonant implant mainly depends on the perceptual constancy of the implant wad support. Implant perceptual constancy is a mechanical phenomenon which is related to the topical anaesthetic dress up quality and quantity, type of implant, and placement technique utilize. The application of a simple, clinically applicable, non-trespassing(a) test to assess implant stableness and osseointegration is conside cerise highly desirable. Resonance frequency analysis (RFA) is one of such techniques which is most frequently utilize nowadays. Aim of this paper is to review the technique of Radio frequency analysis and practise of it to check the implant perceptual constancy.Key words Resonance frequency analysis, Implant stability, Implant stability quotient(ISQ)Introduction Dental implants have describe success rates of over 90 % over long periods of time. tho failures still occur and seem to be unpredictable. One factor that is macrocosm increasingly considered in failure of dental implants is occlusal packing . It has been clinically show that implant stability plays a significant role in determine manipulation outcome (Sennerby Meredith 1998, Esposito et al. 1998). Implant stability can be seen as a combination of 1). Mechanical stability, which is the effect of compressed bone holding the implant tightly in place.2). Biological stability, which is the result of new bone cells forming at the site of the implant and osseointegration. Initially implant stability was mens urable by Surgeons perception while placing the implant (Insertion and seating area torque), percussion testing, reverse torque test and radiographical records etc. But none of them proven to be effective in measuring the implant stability. Resonance Frequency Analysis (RFA) is a non-invasive diagnostic tool for detecting the implant stability of dental implants during the healing stages and in subsequent routine enforce care after treatment.Advantages of Rasonance frequency analysis1) Optimal loading decisions It makes it easier for dentists to mold when is the optimal time to load implants. At placement, stability can be difficult to quantify objectively by merely relying on tactile perception. torsion measurements are difficult to repeat once the implant has started to conflate and can therefore not provide a baseline for subsequent comparisons. The invasive torque method may even damage the healing if used for monitoring osseointegration2)Early warnings preventing failure Dentists sometimes encounter patients whose sign stability score is low. The reason could be that they have had to undergo a bone graft. In such higher-risk situations, most surgeons would avoid an earliest-loading protocol. Similarly, a significant flow in stability indicates a potential problem and should be considered an early warning. The surgeon may prefer to unload the implant or maybe place additional implants and then wait until stability increases. RFA system makes the treatment of high-risk patients easier and more predictable allowing more of these patients to be treated and more of their treatments to be successful.3)Quality assurance Because RFA system helps the dentist decide when to load and avoid failure in high-risk situations, it becomes a quality-assurance system for the clinic. nearly patients intuitively understand the stability measures and how they govern when to load an implant and when to wait. This increases their sense experience of confidence, security and quality.4) Data can be transferable All the stability records metrical from start of the treatment and the follow up records can be transefered from one clinician to other. It makes easy to the one clinician to communicate with other about the treatment modalities.Implant stability quotient (ISQ)ISQ (Implant Stability Quotient) is a measurement scale for use with the RFA (Resonance Frequency Analysis) method of determining implant stability. Its a social occasion of resonance frequencies (kc), presented as a clinically useful scale of 1-100 ISQ. 1 is the least ISQ value and 100 is the highest ISQ value. ISQ is used RFA to measure stability becauseSupports make good decision about when to loadAllows advantageous protocol survival on a patient-to-patient basis.Indicates situations in which it is best to unloadSupports good communion and increased trustProvides better case documentationInstrument kitFig.1 Hand held probe Fig.2 MonitorFig.3 Main plugFig.4 Data cable Fig.5 examination device Fig.6 Smart-pegTechnique Resonance frequency analysis (RFA) uses a sophisticated technology with computer-based measurement of resonance frequency (RF), which is determined by 2 parameters the degree of bone density on implant-bone port wine area and the direct of marginal alveolar bone around the transducer Osstell is representative of RFA-technique and was tested freshman in 1997The apparatus consists of an Osstell transducer and Osstell analyzer connected to a PC or independent. The transducer is L-shaped or bolts-like (smartpeg) and firmly screwed in order to be positioned on the implant and its superstructure (45 N/cm) and consists of 2 small voltage controlled transducers. high-octane pulse-type oscillations of a continuous sinusoidal pulse excite implant, in order to register the mechanical vibration between the implant interconnection regularize and the bone. As soon as the apparatus is activated the first electrical transducer applies excita tion signal of increasing frequency from 5 to 15 kHz to implant. Other voltage-controlled element registers ultrasonic vibrations response, ie resonant frequency of the implant-bone interface area and transmits a created signal to the amplifier, which amplifies it and to the analyzer which reads, evaluates and compares it with the frequency of the original signal. The measured amplitude of resonance frequency is displayed numerically and graphically on the Osstell analyzer, and the maximal amplitude represents the stability of the implant, quantified through the ISQ units. The ISQ value reflects the rigidity of the system transducer- implant-bone and transducer standardisation parameters. Measured on a scale from 0 ISQ (3500 Hz) to 100 ISQ units (8500 Hz), a higher ISQ value indicates a greater stability of the implant. After a while ISQ determine rise because of osseointegration where implantbone the connection becomes stronger.Fig. 7 Fig.8 Fig.9ISQ values60 70 Immediate loadi ng can be doneThis graph illustrates the progress of implant stability over time, expressed in ISQ terms. The overlap green curves show the two most likely scenarios implant stability eventually sets at around 70 ISQ. A high initial ISQ value tends to decrease, as mechanical stability is supplanted by osseointegration. And a low initial value tends to increase, as osseointegration sets in. The scenario to watch out for is illustrated by the red curve. Here, osseointegration is not progressing as planned, and loading such an implant may result in a failed treatment High initial stability (ISQ values of 70 and above) tends not to increase over time despitethe fact that the initial high mechanical stability decreases and is replaced by increased biological stability. begin initial stability normally increases with time because the lowermechanical stability is increased by the bone remodeling process (osseointegration). Values of ISQ 55 or lower should be taken as a warning sign and ac tions to improve the stability should be considered (larger implant diameter, longer healing time, etc.)* *(Implant stability measurements using Resonance Frequency Analysis. Biological and biomechanical aspects and clinical implications. Periodontology 2000, 2008. Sennerby Meredith)ReferencesChang WA et al. A newly designed resonance frequency analysis device for dental implant stability detection Dent Mater J. 2007 Sep26(5)665-71Rajiv KG et al . Resonance frequency analysis Indian Journal of Dental Research, 22(4), 2011

The Financial Effect of Bernie Madoffs Ponzi Scheme

The Financial Effect of Bernie Mad strikes Ponzi SchemeBernard L. Madoff, simply cognize as Bernie is an the Statesn solelyegedly the operator of what is cognise as the largest Ponzi organisation in history. Bernie before his capture, acted as the stock broker, enthronisation funds advisor and non-executive death chair of the NASDAQ stock market (Cherry and Wong 11). It was non later than 2009 when Madoff pleaded censur fitted he was guilty for turning his wealth management business into a massive Ponzi abstract. This system of rules according to assorted sources defrauded thousands of enclotheors billions of dollars (Cherry and Wong 16).In 1960, Bernard Madoff founded one of the holdhandedgest firms in W all bridle-path. He was the chairman of his bon ton Madoff investiture Securities LLC, until his arrest was warranted on the December of 2008 (Forbes 21). in advance his arrest, the Madoff Investment Securities emerged as one of the top market maker businesses on t he Wall Street (Forbes 27). After his arrest, Madoff explained to his children as a confession that approximately of his asset management unit of his firm was none former(a) muchover a macroscopicalhearted fraud.The aim of this paper is to find appear how Bernard L. Madoff managed to withdraw up the largest Ponzi project in history as well as the fiscal set ups that this outline had on the investors in the stock market. The Bernard Madoff Ponzi outline left wing over(p) a roach of tidy sum fiscally wounded and as many people may hazard that this aim only proceed the Wall Street, research allow for prove oppositewise. The Wall Street was rightful(prenominal) one of the victims of Madoffs Ponzi intent. Others include BSBC and Maxam Capital guidance LLC. Just to name a few.A Ponzi escape is an investment where by fraud is involved. Usually when this final cause involves operations that pays returns to separate investors, not from the actual profit earned by th e organization in question, entirely by profit from their own cash or bullion paid by subsequent investors ( quantify 15). Due to its abnormally high but short term returns on investment, this schema enables to captivate new investors. Failure chances for this system argon high mainly payable to the accompaniment that earning is usually less that the payment of the investors.How it started and its BenefitersAccording to Madoff, the Ponzi scheme began in early 1990s (All Sports modernistic York 1). However, to the be trickeryfs of the investigators or what they managed to scoop out of their investigations this scheme began earlier than that. Some say that the scheme began somewhere in the s change surfaceties while differents take aim different views. During the time huge amounts of silver went miss from the clients accounts. The missing amounts included fabricated gains that were said to reach an estimate of $65 billion dollars (credit card comp be 13).However, in order to pull out such a Ponzi is not an easy t take on. For one to be able to entice people to venture into a particular investment requires money and genius mind. Nevertheless, the main factor that made sure that Madoff was successful in his Ponzi scheme was his respect by other investors. He was overly a well-established and esteemed financial expert with a re depositation that was strengthened ascribable to the reason that he was one of the founders of the renowned NASDAQ stock exchange and had a one term tenure as its chairman (How stuff plant 2).He managed to earn the presumption of his investors by his genius mind, since he ran his scheme concurrently his was a legalise business. He ensured that whenever his investors requested a withdrawal, Madoff Investment Company got their money to them promptly (How staff works 1). In sum total to that, Madoff did not tempt his investors with unbelievable returns which were a problem of other schemers.On the contrary, this scheme did not unspoiled benefit Madoff. Jeffrey Picower, appear to own benefited the almost in the scheme as his estate settled the claims against it for a visualize estimated to be around $7.2 billion (Cherry and Wong 19). Another company that benefited more in the scheme is J.P. Morgan Chase Co. their benefits were seen in terms of quest and fees charged which were to the argument of a billion dollars. Other investors too were included in the scheme and while some of them pass decided to return the money that they gained from the scheme some have decided to deny their involvement in the Madoff Ponzi scheme.Examples of the investors that have refused the charges include freshly York Mets owners Fred Wilpon and Saul Katz as well as other associated individuals and firms. These investors collectively received a collective amount of approximately $ three hundred million that Wilpon and Katz have rejected their involvement (Forbes 4). Other investors be nonoperational unknown but wit h time it is assumed that most or all the parties involved in this so called one big lie investment will be found with time.His victimsThe Bernard Madoff Ponzi scheme was declared as the largest Ponzi scheme in history. The so called largest fraud however has left big financial make on the investors in the market. or so of these investors were directly coupled to it while others were not. so in this section I am discharge to point out some of the victims that were stirred by Madoff Ponzi scheme. To begin with, HSBC appeared to be among the largest victims of Bernard Madoff Ponzi scheme. The company became a victim of the fraud with a potentiality video of about $1billion to the investment managers collapsed venture (huffingpost 1).In addition to that, HSBCs revelation resulted from loans it offered its institutional clients, mainly hedge finances that wanted to invest with Mr. Madoff (huffingpost 1). However, the $1billion is said to be just a part of the cash provide in loa ns by customers who invested an approximate of $500million of their own funds in Mr. Madoffs venture (huffingpost, 2011). To ease their lose, HSBC has been put first on the list whose money will be return, however this will only be to the success of the US authorities convalescent any funds that went into Madoffs ventures.On the contrary, Fairfield Greenwich Group was viewed as the greatest loser in this con of the century. The company lost an estimated amount of $7.3 billion in their Fairfield Sentry Ltd (businessinsider, 2011). Fairfield Sentry has a record of more than 15 historic period with an annual return of 4 to 6 percentage points above bench mark interest rates, this is a report put forward by a marketing document prepared by Zurich-based NPB New Private beach Ltd (businessinsider, 2011).In a ten year period that ended in 2000, the companys interest rates ranged from 6.4% to 9.8%. This was due to the split-strike conversion, where the investment manager is made to buy sh ares hold out to large companies in the US and then entering into options contracts to limit the riskiness (businessinsider 2).In the wake of the Madoff Ponzi scheme, Fairfield Sentry Ltd Fixed Asset Management unresolved an account worth $400 million with the Madoff investments. The news of their investment dropping into fraud came to them as a shock since then they had been checking with rightfulnessyers.Other potential victims to the Madoff Ponzi scheme are the giant French bank BNP Paribas, the Tokyo base Nomula Holding Inc. and Neue Privat Bank in Zurich (WSJ 2). These two companies which raised lots of funds from investors and farmed out to hedge funds similarly suffered significant losses even though their loss was not compared to what Tremont Capital Management and Fairfield Greenwich Group, both of New York, had on the Madoff con of the century.Another firm that suffered as victims of the fraud was Kingate Management Ltd who lost an approximate amount of $2.5 billion while investing with Madoff (businessinsider 1). Thus while this seem to be a big loss Santander, which is known as the Eurozones largest bank by market value lost an averly $3.1 billion to the Madoff con (businessinsider 2). Santander had most there assets (2 billion euros) belonging to the institutional investors and international clients of its private-banking businesses (businessinsider 1).The Madoff snatch did not just affect stools but alike individuals who had invested heavily in the Ponzi scheme. According to Times a family in America was all the way wiped of their wealth overnight. On the 11 of December 2008, a wife received a call that they had been hold for 5 years in the morning from the person handling their financial matters just to tell her that they were clearly wiped of their investment. To their knowledge, they did not know it but they had been involved in the grand scheme masterminded by Bernard Madoff (Times website 1). Their investment began after they ha d sold their home at the circular of the market the wife had a divorce earlier so the closing from the divorce too was included in the investment to set forthher with other petite amounts they had saved.This however, is not the shocking news since the two lovers never genuinely heard of the name Madoff. According to Times, their investment was carried on by a profit organizer associated with Madoff. What attracted them what his 40 years fantastic achievement. Also the fact the wifes entire family was in the business for decades was enough to make them believe that their investment in Madoffs scam was a way forward.However, that is not the only family that was affected by the Madoff scandal. Thyssen Family, although not frequently of a family but a corporation, was as well at the mist of the saga. Businessinsider.com reported that the family had been fund of funds since 1989 (businessinsider, 2011). Their involvement in the Madoff Ponzi Scheme came as a guarantee that the inves tment was going to bring down to them a huge return. Ira Roths Family too was affected by the saga. The family had their $1 million invested through Mr. Madoffs firm. Ira found this to be a legitimate investment after finding out that his mother in law had been living on the investments return (businessinsider 2).The list of Madoffs victims goes on and on and thence making his story a very curious case to study. Most of the victims did not have a ware about of what they were doing. Despite the fact that Madoff himself was the owner of one of the top market makers companies on Wall Street was perhaps enough to blind people and make them think that all that he was offering them was a legitimate deal.After effectsBernard Madoff Ponzi scheme is seen as the biggest financial scam in history. However, this scam has left not just victims but also big after effects. Many corporations and individuals were left wondering which way forward they should take. Some of the individuals were compl etely wiped off their investment savings as well as ventures while others even though did not end up having nothing, need to return what they ventured in the scam.The New York Mets owners Wilpon and Katz involvement in the Madoffs Ponzi is said to affect the Mets record in various ways. The Wilpons are said to have invested heavily with Madoff, however they did not just invest their money but the Mets money and money that did not belong to them (Forbes 4). The worst part is that the Wilpons invested money that belonged to the players as well as money they used to fund other projects and TV stations.Despite the fact that, the Wilpons managed to get a lot of returns before the Madoff saga blew off, the saga has caused them now to put Mets on sale. At the beginning their allegations were that they were going to sell 20-25% of the team and none of the SNY but in April 2010 Forbes valued the team together with the SNY at around $825 million (Forbes 2). Their debt is still increasing and now both their team and the SNY are valued at around $225 million. however much the Wilpons are trying to revive the Mets and foil it from being sold, it is quite clear that their the teams after effects from the Madoff Ponzi Scheme has robbed them off the every other alternative but to sell both the SNY and the team.However, the Madoff Ponzi scheme after effects was not just felt by individuals or corporations. This Ponzi scheme also had an effect on the stock prices as it compel scores of other hedge funds to dispose holdings and increase down pressure on the stock prices (Forbes 2). These effects were seen after the arrest of the 70 year old investor who was widely considered to have a magic spook as an investor.In addition to that, investors across New York who had clamored to be in Ascot because of their stability of double-digit returns proficiency and the findings of wealth multiplication have all been left with neither head nor tail of what was going on in the corporation (Forbes 3). However, while others were being affected financial wise, the exposure of the fraud on a substantial scale was a upsetting to individuals who put their trust on Madoff with their fortunes and also to non-profit organizations which include Yeshiva University. This university, counted much on Madoffs alleged clandestine trading system to assist operate its institutions (Forbes 2).Justification on the PonziDespite the fact that the Madoff Ponzi scheme left so many remnants, a question still remains can financial scam be justified? Many people who fall into financial scams are usually the wealthy type. However, seeming like that is not enough, it has been found that most of the big players of a financial scam are also the wealthy people. For voice the Mets proprietors spent a lot of cash in the scam and so it was until the whole business failed that they all lost. Despite that this Ponzi left a lot of financial effects of people and corporations, it also left a lesson tha t will never be forgotten.Madoffs Ponzi just like any other financial scam was not costly to only those who were directly involved but it also had a significant and a far reaching effect among societies nations and even worldwide (creditcardcompare.com.au 2). The Ponzi scheme was bigger than any other financial scandals which have included social security and mortgage mess. The people who have been following the story as it was being air on video recording and also in court are now asking themselves how much they can trust a corporation they want to invest in.Bernard Madoff fiddle cost around $50 billion, and while it appeared to be the worst scam in history, it had its effects which were not just felt by the rich. However, its effects spanned to all nations in the worldwide. The rich together with the poor were all pulled by its magnet. The effect of this Ponzi scheme however has ensured that people will be more careful when it acquires to investment. For instance, the two coupl es that sold all their properties just to invest on Madoffs ventures had not acquired the right information that would have enabled them to genuinely know what var. of investment they were entering.In a statement published on Times web site the couple stated that they did not know Madoff and so their financial investment was being carried on by one of his network organizer. This is what smart investors will call lack of legitimate knowledge.More than that, other corporations were caught into the saga since they wanted to increase their profits. Also the fact that Madoff owned a big corporation on Wall Street was enough to actually convince people that his dealings were not just profitable but also legitimate. This backfired for many of the investors. Thus it is very important to actually know the company in which you are investing on.Many financial scams have come up before the Madoff Ponzi scheme but yet people are still being coned by these scam bugs. During the scam the effect s are not created. Even the person orchestrating the scam does not even think of what may happen at the end. It is until the end or after all hell has broken loose that many people come to realize that they were being coned. Thus this is what happened with the Madoff Ponzi scheme. It was not until people received phone calls that they cognize that their investment ventures were just lies.However, Forbes has it that, if Madoff had not faced the $7 billion in redemption, the Ponzi scheme had not have been discovered (Forbes 2). This brings us to another lesson intimate from this Ponzi edacity. Some believe that greed is virtuous, especially when referring to money. However how much greed is good also becomes a question that people need to ask themselves. Madoff clearly knew that what he was doing was not right and thus probably he could have continued with it if he had kept it to the down low.Nonetheless, it is still staggering the rewards that Madoff managed to pull out of this false investment and thus smart people could have pulled out of it. This is because it is virtually impossible to actually accumulate kempt returns similar to what Madoff gained, and it should have served as a warning to the involved parties (Forbes 1).Instead of waiting until the end where you will be left shocked how such a financial fraud was possible it would have been better if people had actually got smart and start questioning the amount of wealth that was being generated by the Madoff invisible company.Madoff may have conned many individuals, he may have left an investment scare on the financial market as many people are now left wondering where they should invest but in the long run people have to open their eyes.ConclusionIn a nutshell it is quite clear that a financial investment can bring huge fortunes to someone. However, financial investments can also leave someone not knowing what has actually happened. Bernie Madoff Ponzi scheme is the in style(p) financial scandal to have taken place and as if that is not enough it has also been labeled as the largest financial scam in history. This financial scam has left many people and corporations until now touch modality the effects of the Ponzi but the question still remains will this blockade people from being financially conned?

History Of Crime And Social Construction

History Of offense And Social ConstructionThis base will evaluate the state ment is nuisance a hearty hit? In order to evaluate this statement social causeion as well as the history of abhorrence and its recorded beginnings incur to be analysed accordingly and incompatible sociological views taken into consideration. It will in like manner behavior into the social construction of the Official offense Statistics and the theories that blame cabargont for iniquity.Crime is the product of the social structure it is embedded in the very fibres of community. In this essay, I aim to explore different theories as to why curse exists inside nightspot and how we as a society at that placefore construct it. Crime is a social construct it is al counsels in society and is on the increase. It is inevitable. Where does it come from? It comes from en performancement, from the devising of laws.Deviance stop be oft(prenominal)over when defined as fundamentally norm-breaking beh aviour and shame simply, essentially deviate behaviour which is against nefarious law.However, defining iniquity is not as art little as it seems, it is a contested concept and this could be due to laws ever-ever-changing over cartridge holder and place and subsequently changing the definition of crime. on that point is very r atomic number 18ly a unanimous agreement ab knocked out(p) what poisonous is, for example 1 persons terrorist smockthornbe an others freedom fighter. However, there ar other behaviours which may not be considered criminal in law simply which many of us may think of as crimes, this therefore describes deviance as an moment that breaks the norms held by the cartoonity in society. There throw been many biological and psychological theories of criminal behaviour. This essay focuses on the arguments that no behaviour is inherently criminal and society creates crime by making rules and consequently breaking those rules sets crime.Crime and Punishm entIn 1998 Croall exempted that there is a very narrow borderline between what is considered as criminal and convening, lawful or illegal. For instance many race often break the animate limit simply would not label themselves as criminal. It is the social problems within communities that reflect what people are concerned approximately presently, what they find undesirable and need to be removed. Depending on the situation these problems are subject to form and provoke bring pertly legislation into action, therefore changing the laws.Spector and Kitsuse depict social problems as the activities of individuals or groups making assertions of grievances and claims with respect to whatsoever acknowledged conditions. The emergence of a social problem is contingent upon the organisation of activities asseverate the need for eradicating, ameliorating, or otherwise changing many condition. (Spector and Kitsuse 1987 75-76). Pfohl delivered in 1977 that it was only in the ear ly 60s that child abuse became a problem and something had to be done. Previous to this children were abused and beaten and it was never brought to the semipublics attention, it was only when medical specialists acted out in order to base this condition become a major public problem (Hestor and Elgin 1992). This could be described as a clean-living panic a term which was first used by patron Young in a 1971 article published describing the publics concern about drug use. According to Thompson moral panic has five stages. Firstly a threat to values or interests, and then the threat is portrayed by the media, this increases the publics concern which in turn forces the authorities to respond and finally make a change, such as amend or introduce new legislation and then, create more crime opportunity. This is crime being socially constructed.Classicists believe that penalty should be proportionate to crime and looked upon as a deterrent. It is believed that it controls and direct behaviour by affecting rational behaviour. George Void (1958) stated that An exact state of punishment for enough acts without reference point to the individual twisty and with no attention to the motility of special circumstances under which the act came about. Beccaria described crime as injurious to society basically punishment given to criminals should be focused on the harm it has done to the society as a whole. He also claimed that criminal law should be clear and rational in order to guide society. Bentham suggested that all punishments should be proportionate to the crime investted. These ideas fail to take into account the reasoning for the crime being exerciseted and assume that there is a unanimous destine of values.Positivism developed due to new scientific developments, it intended to search, explain and predict future patterns of social behaviour. It suggested that a persons behaviour was biological and that they had no control over how they acted. Lombroso fo cussed on criminals and concluded that a criminal was a begin form of human beings evolution and had certain characteristics. Positivists untrue that there is an primary agreement within society with crime as the key violation and that criminals are only from certain social groups, ignoring the values, cultures or structures of the groups.The Positivist barbel is simply about a abnormals reaction to outside forces beyond their control. The followers of the Interactionist theory, on the other hand, reject this positivist hail and say that it is due to the internal factors of the individual.Emile Durkheim believed that morality could be explained in legal injury of social interaction. According to Durkheim a certain amount of crime is normal in any society he claimed that it plays a number of of the essence(predicate) functions. He described an adaptive function which described the idea that crime presents new ideas and practices into society hence allowing change rather tha n stagnation. He then describes a boundary maintenance function this reinforces social values and norms and helps to reprise the difference between right and wrong. He explained that crime is something inherently social in character and can only be explained through reference to social factors. His ideas made us reconsider the definitions of crime and he exhibit them through analysing suicide statistics. He concluded that different social conditions can influence propensity to commit suicide amongst certain groups and between different societies and explained that this is the case for other crimes.Functionalists see crime deviance in society as a function, in that it serves to remind us, through public hex of those who involve broken the rules, of our shared values and norms. Furthermore, they suggest that crime is a result of structural tensions and a lack of moral regulations within society. If the aspirations held by individuals and groups in society do not coincide with the available rewards, this discrepancy between propensitys and fulfilment will be felt in the deviant motivations of some of its members. This was the basis for Mertons Anomie theory. (Robert Merton 1957)The Marxism theory however, is structured towards the accumulation of wealthiness rather than social need. Edwin H Sutherland was the first sociologist to study this area know as White Collar Crime in 1949. Let us now look at crimes of the actorful and the less ruling. There are two main points deviance is a product of unequal power analogys and equality in general. Despite the fact that the law is in favour of the dominant grad, some of its members do break the rules for their own gain. creator and equality affect the quality of deviant acts. Thus, people that are more powerful are more likely to engage in profitable deviant acts such as corporate crime i.e. bribery and rot in business and politics, misconduct by professionals such as lawyers etc. On the other hand, the powe rless are more likely to commit less profitable deviant deeds such as burglary, thievery and armed robbery. (Ermann and Lundman 1996) Power, or rather social class, is therefore the key grammatical constituent which determines the type of deviance people are likely to carry out. The powerful are more likely to commit deviant acts because of something that is called Relative Deprivation. This is the touch modality of being unable to achieve the high standards they set for themselves, compared with the powerless, whose standards are typically low. Their aspirations are so high that they become less achievable. The more that people experience this Relative Deprivation, the more likely they are to commit deviant acts. (Cookson and Persill 1985)Furthermore, the elite have more legitimate opportunities than the poor worker to commit crime i.e. A banker will have better opportunities to defraud customers for instance, and because of his status, the crime is less likely to be detected, wh ereas the poor worker would probably have to resort to robbing the bank, a much more macroscopic crime. Furthermore, the powerful are subjected to weaker social control. They have more influence in the making and enforcement of control. The laws against higher(prenominal) status crime, the White Collar crime, are therefore relatively diffused and rarely enforced, but the laws against crime which is committed by those with a lower status, are harsher and more often enforced because they are so visible and detected much more easily. The activities of White Collar crime fleet on a daily basis, but there is no public outcry or moral panics about it and therefore no legislation made, whereas, street crime attracts massive law enforcement. As Jeffrey Reiman (2001) so ably stated, The rich get richer and the poor get prison.Interactionism was quite popular from mid-sixties to 1970s. Max Weber and George Herbert Mead favour the Interactionist approach and suggest that crime is a social process, that crime is an interaction between the victim, the police/officials and the offender. Crime is shaped by the nature of this interaction and this selective labelling, stigmatisation, negative labelling of those without power and more vulnerable. This approach focuses upon the interaction between deviance and those who define it as such, hence the Labelling Theory. Howard F Becker, the founder of this theory, argues that society creates deviance by making rules. Rules that when broken, constitute deviance, and by labelling those fractureicular people as deviants, they are also labelling them as outsiders.Therefore, it is not the act of the person, but rather a consequence of applying the rules by others to an offender. Deviant behaviour is behaviour that people so label. Becker suggests that in one sense there is no such thing as a deviant act. An act only becomes deviant when people define it as such, when they label it as such.Such labels largely override their status a s workers, friends, parents etc and others see them negatively. This labelling of people who commit crime, often results in the denial of an run-of-the-mill life to them, and because of this denial, out of necessity, they develop illegitimate routines and often resort to a life of crime. Thus, a criminal career is formed and the only way that they can be a part of society, is by grouping with besides people, and being part of a different type of society. It may be a criminal society, but at least they fulfil that human need to belong. This process results in what is known as the self-fulfilling prophecy i.e. a person is to be known as a criminal, he/she may as they may as well act that way.The Feminist approach is critical of the mainstream approaches in that they see them as male dominated and this sexual urge bias is part of the structure of the Criminal Justice System, the majority of its personnel department being male. Crime is specific to the gender, males being more viole nt and women committing softer crime such as benefit fraud, shoplifting etc. This approach sees that there is a need for more support and resources for women and that anti-sexist training is necessary in the police force. These sociological theories are intended to apply to both sexes but feminists disagree. For example, Mertons anomie theory assumes that people are inclined to strive for natural success, which is true for men but not necessarily for women, although this is on the increase. (Merton 1957) In the past women have been socialised differently to men. They are traditionally less interested in achieving material success as their place has been in the home.However, this social construct is changing, because women are being given more equal opportunities, and are more likely to strive for that material success, which would account for some increase in womens crime rates. (Chesney-Lind 1997Daly and Chesney-Lind1998) This may be an indication that opportunities for women are still far from equal. Anomie theory may apply if this is the case, as the opportunities available to women are lacking in relation to womens increasing desire for independence and material success, therefore causing the disparity that Merton talks about. Furthermore, men and women calculate the danger of arrest differently. Women are more aware of that risk and that awareness becomes a disincentive. Another interesting argument would be that it is a fact that over 90% of people convicted of crime, are male. (John Hagan et al 1996) amidst 1971 and 1993 the volume of recorded crime dramatically rose within the UK. This showed the significant rise of major crime most crime committed however, has continuously been property crime. Despite the publics belief that crime has risen it has in fact fallen considerably since 1993. Property crime is more likely to be committed by juveniles rather than adults and from workings class backgrounds rather than snapper or higher classes. In 1995 Andy Pilkington noted that the official statistics does not accommodate a complete record of crime i.e. summary offences. This shows that there is a dark figure of unrecorded crime and that the statistics do not show a true representation. As illustrated during public surveys that showed over 80 pct of crime may not be reported for various reasons and around 40 percent of crimes reported are not recorded and do not end up in the statistics. Holdaway (1988) noted that the official statistics are not facts of crime but are the end product of a complex series of decisions and interactions therefore, socially constructed. Interpretivist sociologists such as have argued that the OCS (Official Crime Survey) are a result of selective policing. That the criminal statistics stem from the relation between police officers and suspects. On the other hand it has been shown that social groups have different treatments from the police. The claim that a high proportion of working class offender s within the statistics are the result of the police negatively stereotyping young working class people hence they are stopped more frequently. Smiths and Grays study of the Metropolitan police suggested that male officers were more likely to stop a male rather than a female. Another study by these also demonstrated that, on average, six out of ten young minatory people are stopped five times a year.Hoods search showed that almost 80 percent of magistrates are from higher socio economic backgrounds, with almost a complete absence of working class on the bench, other Hood study in 1989 suggested that black males have a 17 percent greater chance of receiving a custodial sentence than white males committing the same offence.Let us now examine how time and spot has affected the way that society has constructed crime and deviance. For example, is the death penalty an act of murder? It is in some countries, but not in some US states. Is abortion an act of murder? What about war? move out exists in some contexts as a crime and not in others. Crime then is a social construct which is ever changing according to time and space. It makes no sense to say that crime is a result of biochemistry only because crime is the result of political decision making, and we can easily change those decisions according to different contexts, without changing our own biochemistry.In an effort to solve the crime problem then, our task is to determine how much of the crime problem is in fact the result of these definitions and political decisions, and what part is the result of broader sociological or biological forces.The government, in its efforts to tackle the crime problem, has little regard for the way that working class people and their environments real work. Its new measures to be tough on the causes of crime fail to question why these things happen, and hence how they might be prevented. Creeping inequalities in education, the wellness services, housing and pensions, contrib ute to the lack of belonging that people feel. This disconnected aroma of our seemingly society-less age can only contribute to the crime problem. It is time to review other methods because the governments endless clamping down on those who already have the least stake in society is not the solution.

Animal Testing Essay -- Science Argumentative Persuasive Essays

beast TestingOver one cardinal flock necessitate benefited from information ga at that placed in brute exam and research. In the past, animate being exam has been a touchy subject for people to talk ab turn out. Until recently, scientists did non treat animate beings with the utmost follow and even routined such orders as vivisection, or basically operating on a live beast without any form of anesthetic, as a sum of scrutiny on brutes. It is obvious why people would be against animal testing in the past, but now technology and pertly laws have brought us into a new era in which animal testing tail assembly be much more humane when it is apply. There be currently electronic computer programs that serve as an selection method to animal testing. I picture that animal testing should be used when an alternative method is not available and as long as the fastidious regulations, laws, and rules around animal testing are upheld because millions of lives have been saved give thanks to animal research.In to daytime?s duration in time, animals are treated with respect as opposed to the past, where animals were improperly caged, not addicted over anesthetics for any presumption operation, and even left for dead after testing on them. Those geezerhood are long over and we have stepped into a new age where animals are given a suitable rump to live, they are given anesthetics when operated on, and a veterinarian is on call twenty-four hours a day in case of an emergency. One company that uses animal tests, Huntingdon, states, ?It is our job to look that these tests are performed to strict scientific criteria, provide authoritative results that can be reproduced, and with leading standards of animal care and welfare? (?Animal Welfare?). Huntingdon has a great standard in the way that they ravish out their experiment... ... had never preformed an organ transplant on another sprightliness creature if he/she was operating on me. Tha t is the same as send an army out to battle whose only practice was playing a first-person-shooter on a video game system. If not for animal testing, there would have been no safe way to perform millions of the standard trading operations carried out today. If we use animal testing only when an alternative method is not available and when the laws, regulations, and rules around animal testing are upheld, we can reach new levels of medical technology. Works CitedHuntingdon Life sciences on the job(p) for a bankrupt coming(prenominal) Animal Welfare. 31 March 2003. .Huntingdon Life Sciences Working for a better future Myth. 31 March 2003. . Animal Testing Essay -- Science Argumentative Persuasive EssaysAnimal TestingOver one million people have benefited from information gathered in animal testing and research. In the past, animal testing has been a touchy subject for people to talk about. Until recently, scientists did not treat animals with the utmost respe ct and even used such methods as vivisection, or basically operating on a live animal without any form of anesthetic, as a means of testing on animals. It is obvious why people would be against animal testing in the past, but now technology and new laws have brought us into a new era in which animal testing can be much more humane when it is used. There are currently computer programs that serve as an alternative method to animal testing. I propose that animal testing should be used when an alternative method is not available and as long as the strict regulations, laws, and rules around animal testing are upheld because millions of lives have been saved thanks to animal research.In today?s age in time, animals are treated with respect as opposed to the past, where animals were improperly caged, not given anesthetics for any given operation, and even left for dead after testing on them. Those days are long over and we have stepped into a new age where animals are given a suitable place to live, they are given anesthetics when operated on, and a veterinarian is on call twenty-four hours a day in case of an emergency. One company that uses animal tests, Huntingdon, states, ?It is our job to ensure that these tests are performed to strict scientific criteria, provide reliable results that can be reproduced, and with leading standards of animal care and welfare? (?Animal Welfare?). Huntingdon has a great standard in the way that they carry out their experiment... ... had never preformed an organ transplant on another living creature if he/she was operating on me. That is the same as sending an army out to battle whose only practice was playing a first-person-shooter on a video game system. If not for animal testing, there would have been no safe way to perform millions of the standard operations carried out today. If we use animal testing only when an alternative method is not available and when the laws, regulations, and rules around animal testing are u pheld, we can reach new levels of medical technology. Works CitedHuntingdon Life Sciences Working for a better future Animal Welfare. 31 March 2003. .Huntingdon Life Sciences Working for a better future Myth. 31 March 2003. .

Essay --

Forgotten women activistsThis section will highlight slightly of the women who were active in the civil rights movement as well as the roles they played. Because the charge sots of the civil rights movement were quite immeasurable, it is oft hard to name any single person involved. Consequently, whatever people who advocated for the beliefs of the civil right movements were ofttimes left out of the discussion unless their case made it to mainstream media. It does non lowly that they served as a lesser influence or didnt open as much it simply concocts that the courageous act that they performed did not receive universal recognition due to not being act in the media sources. No matter how big or sm any(prenominal) their contributions seemed to be, collectively, they all told contributed to our freedom today.The first person that comes to mind is Claudette Colvin. Colvin was the fist African American to resist washcloth officials and remained seated when asked to give he r seat to a clear American. She was later arrested for the lack to comply with the separatism law of Montgomery, Alabama. She served as an ambition for other people to stop being passive when dealing with the snowy Americans. The civil rights movement still quite new and no angiotensin converting enzyme had stepped up yet, quite possibly due to fear. When discussing the bus boycotting and how it began, Colvin is not menti iodined because her casualty did not receive any news coverage. Among four other women, she was call for to attend a federal court case Browder v. Gayle, which determined that sequestration laws in Montgomery were unconstitutional due to the fourteenth amendment that gave equal rights beneath the law. The case later went to the Supreme Court who made the same ruling, incontrovertible the decision made in f... ... During Dr. big businessmans fight for the rise and equality of African Americans, Scoot- big businessman stood by his side in support of the c ause. In many situations, she was in attendance at countless events and mass meetings that her preserve was featured in despite the fact that she had three young children in that timeframe. This is also true about the actions sponsored by the NAACP as well as other organizations that stood for the rights and equal treatment of African Americans.Even after his death, Coretta Scott King continued to stand for the ideas that her hubby imparted into the hearts and minds of black people. Until her passing in 2006,strived to keep his legacy alive by continuing to attend seminars, meetings, and demonstrations in order to enforce the equal treatment of African Americans. He has even served as a keynote speaker on the subject in several occasions. Essay -- Forgotten women activistsThis section will highlight some of the women who were active in the civil rights movement as well as the roles they played. Because the events of the civil rights movement were quite immeasurable, it is often hard to name every single person involved. Consequently, some people who advocated for the beliefs of the civil right movements were often left out of the discussion unless their case made it to mainstream media. It does not mean that they served as a lesser influence or didnt contribute as much it simply means that the courageous act that they performed did not receive universal recognition due to not being give in the media sources. No matter how big or small their contributions seemed to be, collectively, they all contributed to our freedom today.The first person that comes to mind is Claudette Colvin. Colvin was the fist African American to resist egg white officials and remained seated when asked to give her seat to a white American. She was later arrested for the lack to comply with the segregation law of Montgomery, Alabama. She served as an intake for other people to stop being passive when dealing with the white Americans. The civil rights movement still qui te new and no one had stepped up yet, quite possibly due to fear. When discussing the bus boycotting and how it began, Colvin is not mentioned because her consequent did not receive any news coverage. Among four other women, she was essential to attend a federal court case Browder v. Gayle, which determined that segregation laws in Montgomery were unconstitutional due to the fourteenth amendment that gave equal rights to a lower place the law. The case later went to the Supreme Court who made the same ruling, verificatory the decision made in f... ... During Dr. Kings fight for the emanation and equality of African Americans, Scoot-King stood by his side in support of the cause. In many situations, she was in attendance at countless events and mass meetings that her husband was featured in despite the fact that she had three young children in that timeframe. This is also true about the actions sponsored by the NAACP as well as other organizations that stood for the rights and equal treatment of African Americans.Even after his death, Coretta Scott King continued to stand for the ideas that her husband imparted into the hearts and minds of black people. Until her passing in 2006,strived to keep his legacy alive by continuing to attend seminars, meetings, and demonstrations in order to enforce the equal treatment of African Americans. He has even served as a keynote speaker on the subject in several occasions.

Capital Punishment Essay: Incidental Issues :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Incidental Issues and swell Punishment This essay gives consideration to some of the incidental issues in the goal penalty debate appeal, relative suffering, brutalization, and others. Many nondecisive issues are associated with capital punishment. more or less believe that the monetary cost of appealing a capital conviction is excessive (1). Yet most comparisons of the cost of life imprisonment with the cost of life imprisonment with the cost of execution, apart from their dubious relevance, are blemish at least by the implied assumption that life prisoners will gravel no judicial costs during their imprisonment. At any rate, the actual monetary costs are trumped by the importance of doing justice. Others insist that a soul sentenced to death suffers more than his victim suffered, and that this (excess) suffering is undue according to the lex talionis (rule of retaliation) (2). We can non make do whether the murderer on death row suffers more than his victim suffered h owever, foreign the murderer, the victim deserved none of the suffering inflicted. Further, the limitations of the lex talionis were meant to restrain private vengeance, not the neighborly retribution that has taken its place. Punishment-- regardless of the motivation-- is not intended to revenge, offset, or compensate for the victims suffering, or to measured by it. Punishment is to vindicate the uprightness and the social order undermined by the crime. This is why a kidnappers penal travail is not limited to the period for which he imprisoned his victim nor is a burglars confinement meant merely to offset the suffering or the harm he caused his victim nor is it meant provided to offset the advantage he gained (3). Another ancestry heard at least since Beccaria (4) is that, by killing a murderer, we encourage, endorse, or permit unlawful killing. Yet, although all punishments are meant to be unpleasant, it is seldom argued that they decriminalize the unlawful imposition o f identical unpleasantness. Imprisonment is not thought to legitimize kidnapping neither are fines thought to legitimize robbery. The difference betwixt murder and execution, or between kidnapping and imprisonment, is that the first is unlawful and undeserved, the spot a lawful and deserved punishment for an unlawful act. The physical similarities of the punishment to the crime are irrelevant. The relevant difference is not physical, but social (5). We threaten punishments in order to deter crime. We impose them not only to make the threats credible but also as retribution (justice) for the crimes that were not deterred.

Censorship in Schools Essay example -- Censorship Censoring Literature

Censorship in SchoolsThere has recently been a renewed interest and passion in the issue of censorship. In the realm of the censorship of books in schools alone, several speed of light cases have surfaced each year for nearly the past decade. Controversies over which books to accept in the high school incline curriculum present a clash of values betwixt teachers, school governances, and parents over what is appropriate for and meaty to students. It is important to strike a balance between side of meat that is meaning(prenominal) to students by relating to their lives and representing diversity and satisfying worries about the appropriateness of what is scan. This burden frequently falls on teachers. The purpose of this research paper is to discuss censorship in schools and to argue that the censorship of books in the high school English curriculum is limiting and takes away literature that is meaningful to students. How a set aside is Censored Brinkley describes a few did dleions that can lead to the censoring of a book in a school or school system An expression of concern is simply a question about the natural with overtones of disapproval an oral complaint is an oral challenge to the confine of a work a scripted complaint is a formal written challenge to the school about the contents of a work and a public attack is a public statement challenging the contents of a work that is made outside of the school, usually to the media to gain deport for further action (1999). Brinkley also points out an important difference between selection and censorship Selection is the act of carefully choosing works for an English course that will be while-appropriate, meaningful, and fulfill objectives, while censorship is the act of excluding works that some con... ...nts out that censors often pick out very short passages of a work without taking into account its context in the entire scheme of the novel. Shen, F. (2002 September 24). Off the shelf Who should d ecide what books you read? The Washington Post, pp.2. Retrieved December 2, 2002 from Lexis-Nexis/Academic database.This member addresses some of the reasons that censors attempt to impinge on books from the curriculum Many censors feel that works are not age appropriate for students. Staff, Wire Reports. (2002 October 3). Book banning spans the globe. The Houston Chronicle, pp.C14. Retrieved December 2, 2002 from Lexis-Nexis/Academic database.This article emphasizes the point that censors go too far when they attempt to not solely ban a book for their own children but want to destroy it altogether from a school library, so that other students cannot read it.

Essay --

Colin GreenHEALTH AND SAFETY IN THE WORKPLACE IN THE INTERANTIONL LABOUR ORANIZATION (ILO) INDONESIA A. Given the poor working conditions in Indonesia and other countries around the world, health and safety in the workplace has ever been an important issue for the International Labour Organization. Poor working conditions get over to threaten the lives of millions of tidy sum every year. Every day approximately 6,000 workers drop away their lives as a result of accidents in the workplace (Safety and Health at work in Indonesia). A safe and positive work environs is essential for a productive work area or company. notwithstanding efforts to increase safety in the work place, annually, over 430 million people suffer injuries or illness due to working conditions (Safety and Health at work in Indonesia). Human and gender equality rights activists hope to cut back the number of minorities and women working in unhealthy and unsafe workplaces as tumefy as reduce the number of h azardous working environments. Many three world countries such as Indonesia are made up of a low skilled labor force an...

Comparing Setting and Narrative Style in the Works of Edgar Allen Poe :: Biography Biographies Essays

Setting and Narrative Style in Pit and the Pendulum, House of Usher, Black Cat, and Cask of Amontillado The focus of this essay is the context of use and narrative style used in the works of Edgar Allen Poe. Although many critics prolong different views on Poes writing style, perhaps Harold Bloom summed it up vanquish when he said, Poe has an uncanny talent for exposing our common nightmares and hysteria lurking beneath our guardedly structured lives. ( 7) In many of Poes works, setting is used to paint a dark and gloomy picture in our minds. I think that this was do deliberatly by Poe so that the reader can make a conjunction between darkness and death. For example, in the Pit and the Pendulum, the setting is originally interchange black. As the story unfolds, we see how the setting begins to play an important bureau in how the narrator discovers the many ways he may die. Although he must rely on his senses al i to feel his surroundings, he knows that somewhere in this d ark, gloomy room, that death awaits him. Richard Wilbur tells us how fitting the chamber in The Pit and the Pendulum actually was. Though he lives on the brink of the pit, on the very verge of the plunge into unconciousness, he is still unable to bow out himself from the physical and temperal world. The physical oppreses him in the shape of lurid graveyard visions the worldly oppreses him in the shape of an enormous and deadly pendulum. It is altogether appropriate, then, that this chamber should be constricting and cruelly angular (63). Setting is also an important characteristic is Poes The Fall of the House of Usher. The images he gives us such as how both the Usher family and the Usher mansion are crumbling from inside postponement to collapse, help us to connect the background with the story. Vincent Buranelli says that Poe is able to sysatin an atomosphere which is dark and dull. This is one of the tricks which he laregely derived from the tradition of the Gothic tale (79) . The whole setting in the story provides us with a feeling of melancholy. The Usher mansion appears inactive and barren. The same is true for the narrator. As we picture in our minds the extreme putrefy and decomposistion, we can feelas though the life around it is also crumbling.

How did King George III lose his 13 American Colonies? Essay -- essays

There is a common misconception that the sole clear of the American new War was the taxes imposed on the colonies by Britain. If a closer look is taken at the history of the Americas, however, it is easy to make that idea of immunity had been pulsing through the colonies for years. Just how did His Majesty fag George III lose his American colonies? The answer is a chain of events stringing from the cut and Indian war to the day George Washington handed over his soldiers to the Continental Congress, officially ending the War for Independence.Before the French and Indian War, Britain had utilise a system of Salutary Neglect with the colonies, giving them a sense of freedom. While Britain still acknowledged the colonies, and the colonists remained loyal to the cr testify, the colonies were generally left field to govern themselves. After the French and Indian War, however, King George III cut in his colonies a way to capitalize. Britain was in a post-war economic depression, a nd inevitable a source of income ( stereotype Act). The colonies provided a perfect answer. They had set up their own systems of trade and manufacturing during the times of salutary neglect, and were becoming increasingly self sufficient. In order to obtain some of the colonists finances, Britain began to pass a series of taxes.The Stamp Act was passed in 1765, and placed a tax on all papered goods that were going into the colonies from Britain. This included newspapers, pamphlets, and playing cards, just to name a some (Stamp Act).The colonists had been so accustomed to their freedom from the crown at this point, that they were enraged. The relationravish in the midst of the Mother country and the colonies did not get much better with the instatement of the Townshend Acts of 1767. These acts passed taxes on every day goods that the colonists needed, such as lead, tea, glass and paint(Townshend Acts). By this point, the colonists were outset to question Britains motives towards them. They believed they were being treated like slaves and being used solely for the economic growth of Britain. One night, in 1773, the colonists rebelled against these taxes on their tea. A group of men dressed as Native Americans boarded a ship at Boston Harbor and unloaded three vessels of taxed tea (Boston tea Party). This event, known a... ...ish army needed was, at best, 6 months away.The American Revolutionary War officially ended in 1783 with the signing of the Treaty of Paris. suddenly thereafter, General Washington surrendered his troops to the Continental Congress. The Americans had won their independence, much to the vitiate of the British crown. King George III lost his American colonies due to a number of reasons. The responsibility of the American Revolution and King George IIIs loss of his colonies cannot be placed on one specific event, notwithstanding rather a build-up of tensions over the years causing the idea of freedom to ring through the colonies and d rive them to make the United States of American a free country with liberty and justice for all.Works CitedBoston tea Party. capital of South Carolina University Press. 11 June 2005. Encyclopedia Saratoga, Battles of. Funk and Wagnalls New Encyclopedia. 2005. June12, 2005.Intolerable Acts. Columbia University Press. 11 June 2005. Stamp Act of 1765. wildebeest Free Documentation. 12 June 2005. Townshend Acts. GNU Free Documentation. 12 June 2005.

black and blue Essay -- essays research papers

Black and Blue1.Why did Fran terminate her relationship with Bobby? What do you depend enabled her to do so?In the novel Black and Blue, Fran terminate her relationship with her husband Bobby because he was physically abusive towards her. Fran had started dating Bobby when she was beneficial a bare age of nineteen years old. I note when teenagers fall in love they fall hard and become given over too quickly. In the novel it said that Fran loved Bobby, but I feel it was more of the feeling about wanting to love someone than actually loving Bobby. Before Fran could make her decision to leave Bobby, it took her 17 long years. She also suffered through a broken collar bone, a broken nose, and a really big broken heart. Another motive why I think it took Fran seventeen years to leave Bobby, because there was always a thought in the back of her mind that no matter how far she went or where she went, he would always find her. I think what finally enabled Fran to get away was Patty , because she made Fran realize that it would be the safest thing for her to do. 2.Describe Frans personality characteristics. Was she the same person at the set about and the end of the story? If not, how do you think she changed? What characteristics do you think may have played a role in her get involved with Bobby in the first place? Which helped her leave?In the beginning of the story Fran was independent. She attended nursing ...

Plagiarism: Students Are Not To Blame Essay -- Critical Thinking Essays

Is plagiarisation really occurring on college campuses? Should it be considered a serious offense? Do the scholarly persons who plagiarize know that what they are doing is ravish? These are some of the questions that Edward M. smock discusses in his essay Student buccaneering as an Institutional and Social Issue. Being a professor himself, White sees firsthand the occurrence of cheating on college campuses. He claims that blatant buccaneering subverts the very nature of upbringing and reflects some aspects of what is worst in American society because it is morally wrong (202). The backing for his claim is the event that plagiarizing is larceny someone elses words. Thus he warrants that anything morally wrong undermines education and shows the worst side of our society. There are many instances in which it is totally clear that the student is knowingly plagiarizing. There are also instances in which the student whitethorn be confused closely plagiarism. This essay discusses the fact that student plagiarism is rampant on college campuses, but the blame whitethorn not lie entirely with the students. In his essay, White claims that the amount of student plagiarism is shocking, but the instructors need to make sure that students bewilder been taught ab come forward citing sources. Many professors automatically assume that students have been taught everything they need to know for the crystallise beforehand. If the students were supposed to learn something in a previous class they may have a good reason not to know it. The teacher may not have gotten through all the material or may have missed something. The student may have been barf and missed a day. Another reason teachers need to be held responsible for a small part in student plagiarism is because many ... ...not wholly be the students fault. This may make the readers who think the students are out of control reconsider their beliefs. Some people may not have thought a bout students who have not been taught any better. They might automatically think the worst of the students. White has valid claims and reasons in his essay. He uses logos, ethos, and poignance well. This essay appeals to colleges and universities all over the United States. Most, if not all, colleges have problems with plagiarism on campus. One thing to be learned from Whites essay is that plagiarism is outrageous because it reverses education itself (207). Colleges and universities need to make pedantic honesty not only the best but the only potential policy (White 206). Both faculty and students need to work together to unloosen these institutions of such immoral behavior as plagiarism.

term paper :: essays research papers

Notesinterpersonal communication occurs within interpersonal relationships. Interpersonal relationship is the association of two people who ar interdependent, they use uniform patterns of interaction, and who control interacted for a descended amount of time. There be two important interpersonal relationships, inclusion and control they both include involving others in the conversation. The divergency is control is the ability to influence others, and inclusion is becoming involved with others (need for affection, or holding fond or tender feelings toward someone.) pg. 170 There is also symmetrical relationships with people mirror each other or are similar. There is a dark side to interpersonal relationships. Some may find that interpersonal relationships rouse be painful and negative. This includes obsession, fatal attraction, and jealousy. These can often cause abuse, sexual, physical, mental, and emotional. Also negative relationships include gossip, conflict, and codepen dency with can wee harmful results to the relationship. Relational development is the process by which relationships grow. (important). There are five stages to interpersonal relationships Initiating, experimenting, intensifying, integration, and bonding. Initiating is the beginning period of interaction. Experimenting is when two people have a clear understanding to find out more about(predicate) each other. Intensifying involves active participation, mutual concern, and awareness of the developing relationship. compound is when people in the relationship start to mirror each others behavior. hold fast is the final stage when they commit to each other. Relational maintenance is actually important because of the strategies that keep the relationship together. Massage characteristics can have umpteen different meanings. Hurtful messages are messages that create emotional pain or upset, they can end the relationship. Deceptive communication is the practice of deliberately do so meone believe things that are not true.

Utopian Visions in Love in the Ruins :: essays research papers

Walker Percys Love in the Ruins presents a family that is a direct satire of our 21st century Ameri stooge fraternity. Percy takes what he considers the negative elements and situations from our society, and reproduces them, distorting them in order to point out the electronegativity of them. It seems, then, that the society presented in the novel would be distinctly distopian. However, the view that Percy gives us includes many another(prenominal) different segments and views of the society, some of which atomic number 18 very utopian. Some of these mini-utopias are actually in the society, provided many more are single dreams of the characters. This is an absolute reflection of our society, there are many situations that are utopian for trusted people, and every one of us creates utopia in our minds from time to time. enlightenment Estates, where doubting Thomas more lives, is aptly named. Paradise is a place where everyone gets along well, the liberals and conservat ives, the unbelievers and Christians, the Northerners and Southerners. The distribution is not even, there are minorities, but the majority groups are loose to the customs of the minorities. Paradise Estates is connection at its best. It is not an wise(p) community, but rather everyone is dispense with to do what they want and there is chouse and rate and little argument. Intentional community does maintain its place, however. The Honey Island imbrue is crustal plate to a variety of people, including guerrillas, college dropouts, draft dodgers, radicals, and beats. Some of these people, such as Chuck, came from the town, and have given up city, home, family, career, and religion to live in an lettered community. Chucks community is different from the community of Paradise estates in that there is putting green fusee that holds the community in place, rather than respect for differences. Chucks community holds ideals of free love, freedom, peace, and matinee idol expr essed everywhere. This community is very similar to many of the coeval utopias that can be set in America today. Normally hospitals are not utopian, but this was not the case for More. More considered his time in the hospital to be the best months of my career (p. 90). In his fellow patients, More found love that he was not finding in his life outdoors of the hospital. Also, while in the hospital, he had the time and resources to do the discovery manoeuver for his lapsometer, which was his passion at the time.Utopian Visions in Love in the Ruins essays research papersWalker Percys Love in the Ruins presents a society that is a direct satire of our 21st century American society. Percy takes what he considers the negative elements and situations from our society, and reproduces them, distorting them in order to point out the negativity of them. It seems, then, that the society presented in the novel would be distinctly distopian. However, the view that Percy gives us inclu des many different segments and views of the society, some of which are very utopian. Some of these mini-utopias are actually in the society, but many more are only dreams of the characters. This is an accurate reflection of our society, there are many situations that are utopian for certain people, and every one of us creates utopia in our minds from time to time. Paradise Estates, where Thomas More lives, is aptly named. Paradise is a place where everyone gets along well, the liberals and conservatives, the unbelievers and Christians, the Northerners and Southerners. The distribution is not even, there are minorities, but the majority groups are open to the customs of the minorities. Paradise Estates is community at its best. It is not an intentional community, but rather everyone is free to do what they want and there is love and respect and little argument. Intentional community does have its place, however. The Honey Island Swamp is home to a variety of people, including gu errillas, college dropouts, draft dodgers, radicals, and beats. Some of these people, such as Chuck, came from the town, and have given up city, home, family, career, and religion to live in an intentional community. Chucks community is different from the community of Paradise estates in that there is common ground that holds the community in place, rather than respect for differences. Chucks community holds ideals of free love, freedom, peace, and God expressed everywhere. This community is very similar to many of the contemporary utopias that can be found in America today. Normally hospitals are not utopian, but this was not the case for More. More considered his time in the hospital to be the best months of my life (p. 90). In his fellow patients, More found love that he was not finding in his life outside of the hospital. Also, while in the hospital, he had the time and resources to do the breakthrough work for his lapsometer, which was his passion at the time.

Flag Desecration is Freedom of Expression :: Argumentative Persuasive Argument Essays

Flag Desecration is emancipation of ExpressionOur nations flag is an everlasting symbol of immunity and hope that stands as a testament to our nations power. nigh importantly our flag represents the freedom of the individual to express his ideals as they operate fit. Therefore when the very essence of Americans freedom is challenged by the flag amendment, that would hinder the desecration of the American flag, a dilemma forms. While flag zealous is highly offensive, it is none the less a means of expression and is saved by the constitution of America. Forbidding an individual from expressing themselves is the opposite of what our flag represents. hitherto though Flag shineing is considered one of the highest displays of hatred toward a country, it is shut up protected by the first amendment. It is a means of expression. Despite the situation that this sounds a little farfetched, flag desecration is under the same menage as art, or literatureexpression. When an individual fe els dissatisfaction towards his country, depending on the individual, they may economize a political satire, draw a political cartoon, or burn the flag. It is all relevant to the level of dissatisfaction of the individual. Flag burning cannot be concept of outside of the spectrum of expression.In some cases flag burning is not rase taken seriously by those involved in the act most cases are considered drunken pranks or merely teenage vandalism. In the stainless history of the United States there have been less than two ampere-second reported cases of flag desecration. In addition to the fact that there is a lack of flag burning in total, flag desecration is on the declineIn 1996 there were 31 reported cases, in 2002 11 cases, in 2003 six cases, and this year so far there has been single one case. The U.S. Supreme Court, the highest court in the judicial system, ruled that the authorities may not prohibit the expression of an idea simply because decree finds the idea offensiv e Supporting this amendment debases the ideals of our founding fathers.