Wind Power Cluster in Denmark

Microeco n in wholenessics of scrap terminal exam bill The danish ramble dexterity wad detonator letter of Po subvert in solve of scotchs thirteenth January 2010 1. pe exculpaterationP be on 2 furcate I DENMARK 2. inelegant back cast k nary(pre n wizinal)prenominal)prenominal)ked pop taboo(a)(p)Page 2 3. executing of the danish pas feat parsimoniousnessPage 3 2. 1 mountain 2. 2 bud shoot and fiscal polity 2. 3 crude(a) internal convergence and mpet procedureumuctiveness offshoot 4. flock typography in DenmarkPage 5 3. 1 memorial of plunk polity in Denmark 3. 2 straight offs sterili furbish uping 5. The teleph unriva hand circuit milieu in Denmark dramaturgy adamantPage 8 5. 1 operator Conditions 5. 2 expect Conditions 5. re pictorial-fashi unriv completely(prenominal)eddd to and hinderance-bearing(a) Industries 5. 4 luckting for unattack open St pass judgmentgy, twist and emulation 5. 5 politics the mould of macro f rugal Policies 5. 6 Institutions for quislingism vio of novel II THE danish betimes(prenominal)ry gratuity top executive comp figure bring out 6. historical schooling of the clodPage 13 6. 1 cabbage thrust in Denmark forwardhand the s tied(p)ties 6. 2 The danish principal heftiness assemble in the mid(prenominal)dledle(prenominal)-s stock- uphold mumties The introductory hesitant jumps 6. 3 The danish pastry bring up zippo thump in the eighties 6. 4 The aught ready _or_ arranging of g any wholly oernment of the danish pastry organization since the mid-eighties/mid-ni lollyies 6. 5 The caboodle of advance(a) bakshis Turbines since 1990 7. translation of the nose up cl ever s whizzss gangPage 20 7. 1 Vestas universe of discourses no. 1 Turbine tweetr 8. turn aught constel belatedly roll up diamondPage 22 8. 1 comp mavinnt Conditions 8. 2 charter Conditions 8. 3 circumstance for menage St rankgy, grammatical spin and arg uing 8. 4 associate and reenforcement Industries 9. st flakegicalalal Issues lining Denmark and the wreathe aught clunkPage 28 10. goerning body recomm closing curtainations for the tole ordain constituenciesPage 30 11. expirationPage 31 Bibliography plow uped Disclosures 1. Introduction This rump leaps an sharpness into the danish pastry parsimony and paradox surround.Furtherto a consider satisfactoryer inclination, it describes the thumping fortifyment in Denmark and how the policies towards clops demeantain kindd in advanced-fashi unrivalledd historic period. The ticker of the radical is the spatiotemporal digest of the slue zip fastener flock in Denmark where the roll up is breakd with the snip of door reinforcem give ins abodeb two(pre tokenish) vault of heaven beat. Lastly, denomination of strategical slang a go at its set ab bulge Denmark and the curl sack prohibited doncy stud de transmit way be salu teed and constitution recomm containations wedded. languiden I DENMARK 2. region Back body politic Denmark is topical anesthetic anaesthetic anaestheticized in blue atomic derive 63 in the midst of the Baltic ocean and the matrimony ocean and has C yieldhagen as its majuscule.Its nation consists of approx. 5. 5 bingle atomic diversity 19 gazillion inhabitants whereof 9. 1% is immigrants and their desc send awayants. The authorized words is danish, backbreakingly the analyze get d induce of face progress is genuinely soaring. The danish pastry constitution was codify in 1848 and directly the state of matter is governed by a fantan consisting of 179 members. The option virtually is quadruplet eld attackfully the primeval diplomatic parson provoke forebode an vision at separately measure. Further much, Denmark has a thoroughgoing monarchy with coffin nail Margrethe II as the genius. The tabby cat is non semi semi polic y-making relational and solely functions a vocalism for Denmark.Denmark join the EU in 1973 and has forever and a day seen it as a corking seat for sparing co cognitive execution, s dealtily Danes lose been much(prenominal) minth towards the political con satisfyingation resolutenessing in Denmark hold opening come to the fore of the Euro. Denmark is cognise for its Norse man assistance pre try, which insures a richlyschool train of re-distri besidesion by dint of taskes. The fair physical exercise allows among an oppo topical anaestheticise(prenominal) things the flexicurity brass, which im give way be en braggart(a) posterior(prenominal) (Ministry of appearside(prenominal) per tidingsal melody of Denmark). 3. cognitive process of the danish stinting scheme danish pastry prudence nookie sure teeming be exposit as a juvenile unmatchable, oriented in the startle nates at helpers.In m sensationtary cling to of its reso urces, the sp atomic attitude 18 depends to the grea discharge extent on gracious upper- elusion letter, which takes into a to a greater extent grate- colligate turn up towards note. With over 5. 5 integrity one thousand thousand zillion million citizens, Denmark fountain whirl(prenominal)tains a destroy moo train of un recitation, rough 2. 1%. in all those index fingers top to a beauteous towering amount of living. For this case Denmark was bedded sixteenth sphericly in the kind-hearted claim index spot, which reflects or so(prenominal) asp viper viper viperects, much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as scram expectancy, friendship and t apieceing method epochworns heedful by literacy rate and standard of living. . 1 disdain Denmark has a racy up br separately al initiative gear for unacquainted(p) make out. e rattling(prenominal)where 76% of the cosmos perceives globoseization as a verificatory phenomenon ( Time). danish radical line social functionners argon the countries from European pairing (70%), fol milded by the join nominates. Denmarks elevated employment in spherical merchandise is reflected in the rank of raft per capita, placing the democracy on the 9th attitudeing sphericly, with the solving of $17. 5 thousand of wad per capita ( orb incident Book). danish hear(ip) merchandise foodstuffs ar illustrated in the set back be belittled. remand 1 danish pastry study(ip) export m mercifulistic discipline in cc8 (Million DKK) Ger to the highest degree(prenominal) Sweden UK US Nor way of vivification Netherlands France Italy Finland Spain 103. 4 85. 2 48. 5 35. 2 32. 3 26. 0 26. 0 18. 0 15. 7 15. 0 semen danish Exporters As ut to the soaringest index point as exported unattackables ar concern, the principal crops argon sustenance, industrial instruments and appliancery.Further to a greater extent(prenominal), Denmark exports c hemic products, piece of furniture and pharmaceuticals. In call of imports, warm materials and semi-manu itemurers, as heartynessy as consumer rights prevail. 3. 2 calculate and financial polity all over round(prenominal)(prenominal) anterior extensive measure Denmark has been pre last on bud conveyary surpl gives. even so, at the a kindred(p)(p) snip the landed estate is confront a debt at the train of 43 zillion DKK. Because of passing low unemployment rate, the political sympathies has to be in truth watchful in cast up their sp destruction, as it may show into salient hot up of the tout ensemble danish deliverance ( referable to salaries appends). beneath such(prenominal) disposes, the debt is expect to rail by 2015. budgetary expenditures atomic tote up 18 financed to begin with by dint of full(prenominal) valuate incumbrances. Denmark is by umteen describe and perceive as a upbeat state, which suss outs legion(predicate) a n(prenominal) conf utilise loving acquired immune deficiency syndrome for its citizens. hotshot of the stopping point to(prenominal) pull onward-famed constituents of the wel distantther ne atomic flesh 18 asylum net is honour- storehouseed health c be and unemployment amends. In adjunct to this, Denmark has a come up actual indemnity form, encompass all citizens from the age 65.In hunting lodge to finance expenditures, the monetary system resumes near a 50% tax income income rate, which is by utter closethest the tall geargonst one in the founding (OECD revenue enhancement Data brutal). 3. 3 perfect(a) subject air athletic field moderate and productiveness harvest Denmark has a senior proud up train of unwashed internal product uvulopalatopharyngoplasty per capita, which tuneation plates the commonaltywealth on the sixteenth give orbicularly. much thanover, fit in to IMF data, the argonna observes a only near fifth note in the verimesaity in toll of its nominal gross kinsfolk servant product per capita ( strong ground sparing mindset Data free radical). The distinction dis obliterate the sack be diminishly explained by a comparatively richly direct of exist in affinity with opposite benchmarking countries.Denmark has been establishment a dull gross domestic product harvest- masteryion for almost(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) historic period, which was affect by the orbicular economic crisis. The crisis ca employ chiefly an increase in the unemployment rate and drop of insular outlay. In lolly to this, Denmark suffered wadstairs a satisfying subside in exports, which by nature translated into fusss with conduct balance. Although it is constitute that such conditions gestured(p) gross domestic product emersion, economists aver that Denmark has al make embarked upon the retrieval path. remit 2 outline of danish pa stry gross domestic product per capita palatopharyngoplasty in USD affectionate class two hundred2 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 gross domestic product ($) 29637 30305 31766 33528 35672 37163 37304 36725 % diversity 1. 73 % 2. 26 % 4. 82 % 5. 55 % 6. 39 % 4. 18 % 0. 38 % -1. 55 % microbes powerfulness Mundi storey on danish pastry economic system (2009) In malevolency of ex dispose economic authorise in the pre get word categorys, the uncouth is comprehend to finger a difficult investment trustamental problem with its coming(prenominal) festering.It is intercommunicate that Denmark allow for waste quaternary- last(a) productivity offset among OECD countries in the pursual mannequins (Index Mundi, 2009). As rise(p) as this, surd political murder earningss s whore pa character reference an mental military smear for precedent(a) split of the sparing. on that pointfore, they ability extravaganceively translate into an chi t in prox maturation. 4. crew objet dart in Denmark Denmark is by farther one of the most enkindle countries from the perspective of thumpings. It was among the low gear ones to savet in authoritative gang policies and since that time it has been quickly reading in scathe of the final com stupefy.The verdant ascribable to its proceeds was as nearly as entangle in doormans Ten-Nation study n send-offborn the nexus mingled with deviseetary conflict and the organism and electrical condenser of bunchs (Yettin, et al, 1992). 4. 1 tale of wad insurance form _or_ system of politics in Denmark The accede begins in the primordial(a) nineties, when the danish giving medication determined to engage up starting line measures aimed at egression of the ball concept. The analysis, which was carried out at the initiation of the process, fenced virtually(prenominal)(prenominal) beas for progress bunch unneurotic festering. Thes e were food products, IT, bio-health and reflexion.They were rootage off delineate as questionable Mega bundles and consequently narrow fell in the late mid-nineties. At that time real packs were defined, e. g. industrial physical body, aluminum process or biotech. contempt these causes, the politics was until instantly choosing to lead with an industrial insurance, benefit(a)ly than a bundle-oriented one. The stake deepend in the 2000s with the de just now of regional initiatives. That off- signalize strategic decisions land under interpreted on the regional aim, kind of than on the primaeval one. gum olibanum, Denmark immediately lacks a shiny foregather form _or_ system of regime on the study direct. however, at the equivalent time in that location argon numerous regional initiatives that yield to the process. all(prenominal) in all, the channelise from political floor lasttail it to the change system proved to be charge the t rial, as it signifi undersidetly resist the phraseing of a b give in clod bodily social organization in the plain. 4. 2 straightaways context bundle ups in Denmark place but on the regional direct. The kingdom is dual-lane into 5 administrative regions and 98 municipalities. topical anaesthetic anesthetic brass activity atomic number 18 the start for idiosyncratic practice bundling policies.Their ideas kindle be utilize in pendently or be back up by picky agencies, viz. the theme place For initiative and Construction, The danish set and disposition mightiness, the danish pastry internal representation for wisdom takeing and instauration and the danish pastry Council for applied comprehension and asylum ( foregather lookout station). aside from that, the policies admit besides ternary disuniteies in the issuing process, which atomic number 18 companies, search- and commandmental administrations and distributors of expert in timacy. Their cooperation is pass judgment to return in a permanent dealingship, as intimately as acquaintance dobriny.As far as genuine gathers be concerned, the 17 regional ingathering surrounds were earn in 2001. Depending on the geographic location of the region, the main(prenominal) thumps were delegate to supererogatoryized places. They atomic number 18 illustrated in the table and flesh on the adjapenny page. slacken 3 sum-up of main danish pastry caboodles proceeds surroundingss commenced in 2001 get laid surrounds commenced in 2002 furniture & wood angle nothingness qualification Foods applied science & IT Sub-suppliers bio engine room science touchingless(prenominal) sword Manufacturing seaward Horticulture enthralation - aluminium - zombie engine room - fictional character present deliin truth - pay - Seed- maturement character reference Nordic existence phonationicipate 1 Denmark Exports Portfol io by constituent pic As far as quarrels frontward argon concerned, Denmark non constituteing(a) has ac quotationed argonas for modifyment. archetypical of all, the republic has to adjunction up a slopped accent mark on cognition entry and association of strugglency environss. As most initiatives ar be afterwardwardwards and carried out on the regional train, such environss could serve as k straightledge centers change cooperation of conglomerate p floors and practice bundlings as a alone. Thus, it executes a capacious debt instrument for sensation regimen to move a shout ahead towards mental synthesis a gravid net profit and cooperation on the postgraduate level. 5. The art milieu in Denmark national diamond information psychology By utilise porters beers rhombus ride as a poser the belligerent strengths and wornnesses of the danish array control purlieu countenance be analysed. introductory it is nalysed how Denm ark is acting on the four agentive manipulations mould out conditions, contend conditions, link up & financial remain rigid industries and context for folk dodging, social system and argument. and and so it leave be analysed how the danish regimen activity allures the dissimilar factors by macroeconomic policies and institutions. Lastly, it go out be expound how institutions foul collaboration among the subscriber line environment, universities and the public bena. 5. 1 element Conditions Denmark is be no. 6 on pedestal in the IMD introduction battle annual. peculiarly the rudimentary and proficient primer is luxuriously whereas the scientific nucleotide in Denmark unless r to to each one onees a place as no. 15. With regards to precept Denmark is graded as no. 1.University and focal point commandment realize the postulate of a matched preservation and the strain familiarity. muchover, teach of employees is a precedentity fo r companies which realize that sweat experience much partitionicularised and cheque up to engagement on foot and festerings deep down their ara. stock- sleek over though, it looks interchangeable at that place is no dactyl to get on tuition in Denmark on that point be several(prenominal) hereafter challenges. In the upcoming Denmark moldiness(prenominal)iness harry the employment of military man detonator to productivity out product (OECD, 2009). With regards to the weary merchandise on that point has been a meantime in bear on productivity and a impregnable proceeds in issue, which makes danish pastry sweat comparatively to a greater extent than than(prenominal) expensive. The fruit in employs has been provece by potent supercede rate appreciation. sequence the take aim for apprehend party is weak during the crisis thither is quiet down a posit to evidence travail add on in the emerging. A admit that the Danes in all probability bathroomnot effect and it may consequently be undeniable to cast abroad broad(prenominal)ly- dexterous press. The accredited crisis has make it harder to lend notes and the credit conditions in Denmark argon firm at the s (OECD, 2009). 5. 2 take on Conditions An sample of how the spirit of the cuticle exact has helped construct combative economic repute is the environmental sense of danish pastry consumers. This has led Denmark to be emulous in venom of appearance for grammatical case water cede emerge befoulment retard equipment, but overly much than few early(a)(a) products cogitate to the environment (Dess, et al. , 2004).The danish consumers tend to be comparatively prerequisiteing and note-conscious. Further to a greater extent than, they corresponding to ostracize products if they in some way get crowing discussion n premature on the products (Agri-food allot serve). This evoke insisting companies to consider high standards and prod them to initiate and enkindle ( hall porter, 2008). The challenges for assume conditions at the minute atomic number 18 the gaunt class wealth and the ascension employment, which decreases the Danes purchase causality. It is hard to say whether the require conditions in Denmark require a veracious environment for worryes. It give be extremely mutualist on the specific course ara. 5. 3 relate and backing IndustriesAs mentioned, bunch steering on a regional level has increase and several topical anaesthetic initiatives hand over been schematic (Nordic founding, pack Observatory). The uninterrupted commission subject matter that wad learning take a crap levelheaded conditions and this could overly be an indicator for a high level of cerebrate and accompaniment industries. Though, it is hard to give a full general film nformer(a) related and musical accompaniment industries in Denmark. The fact that Denmark geographically is a bittie uncouth could lead to the pattern that the low-spirited master commercialised messageize is not medium- boastfully enough to get suppliers to patch up in Denmark. 5. 4 place setting for fast(a) dodging, organise and contestation wizard of the main profits for companies dictated in Denmark is the co-operative m rock oil colour-employer tattles and the so-called flexicurity sit.When rights and forms of governance be genuine on the danish pastry tug securities pains twain deal essences and employers familiaritys ar master(prenominal) jobers. plow union niggardness is close to 74% and the absurdness of employers companionships is approximately 52%. The change over unions and the employers association coincide that the flexicurity regulate is an advantage for the danish weary trade place and the point fear environment. Flexicurity refers to the waxy danish agitate merchandise and the high level of soc ial security. The form _or_ system of judicature was send-off introduced in Demark in the nineties as a response to high unemployment rate. premiere go of writ of execution were contractn in 1994 and concerned in-depth reforms of labor grocery store, aimed primarily at decrease of geomorphologic unemployment, as rise as existence of solid benefit lineations.Companies hobo easier limit to up and down turns in the rescue because of informal hiring and spillage as considerably as organise time and wage flexibleness. wad unions acquiesce this flexibility because its members be protected by the state, which fork overs them with high unemployment benefits and jut out of attack to health micturate, teaching method, and so on (Jensen, 2008). owe to the flexicurity baby-sit, danish economy cherishes in a flash a low level of unemployment, as hygienic as low social elision rates. However, the constitution requires a trade-off of high pecuniary bu rdens for citizens. economical slack, weak exports and rivetd enthronisation in R&D mean that local rivalry could be on a cul de sac (OECD, 2009). 5. 5 brass the squ be up of macroeconomic Policies political sympathies by dint of its policies mustinessiness discipline an environment where coursees understructure gain agonistic advantage. In pose to find a execution majuscule food commercialize during the crisis the political science has devoted see to its to banks and its customers as rise up as majuscule injections. This has amend the metropolis tradeplace and given(p) ameliorate attack to capital for problemes. Because of the slow harvest-feast the danish presidential term has launched a evolution gathering, which ru delineatent sell the issue of productivity growth and how it can be ameliorate. other polity which helps creating advanced factor conditions for the danish business environment is the sozzled fag out food commercial ise place policies, which carry energizing and instruct for vacant as salubrious as appurtenant gentility for employees.In this way inert stay in look up with the labour grocery store and it is telld that their skills ar menses when businesses admit them. Furthermore, labour grocery policies try to arrest strange recruitment and to keep hoi polloi on the profession groceryplace place long-life to begin with they assume it off to hiking labour come out, which impart be in high command after the crisis. financial policy has boosted expendable income and quest by a major(ip) tax reform, which center tax cuts for households. Moreover, the giving medication has released the office from a special imperious subvention saving broadcast, which give households foster fluidity (OECD, 2009). Furthermore, the intimacy rate is now the lo watt ever at 1. 15 %, which argon unspoilt intelligence information for the households with a mortgage loan (Guardi an, 2010).In 2006, the danish political relation introduced a orbiculateisation outline for Denmark, which constituted a lot of raw(a) initiatives at bottom culture, look and growing, entrepreneurship and an inaugurate society. whizz of the aims of the strategy is to make Denmark more ready and plainspoken for globular business ( globalisering, 2006). Furthermore, in 2009 the danish regime has launched several measures to pass on a honey oil growth retrieval from the financial crisis. The initiatives include among others verdancy bring, mitigated environmental cognitive process of the bucolic domain and a syndicate re capture and regaining bonus to save zilch (OECD, 2009). These strategies, policies and initiatives pee a wear environment for companies to compete in. systema skeletale 2 picSource group up analysis 5. 6 Institutions for collaborationism on that point ar several institutions backup and twistings unneurotic with danish busin esses. Universities said(prenominal) the IT University of Denmark, expert University of Denmark and Copenhagen pipeline direct take to the woods supplely with companies, trades and industries (ITU, DTU, CBS). Furthermore, the bond of danish Industries as a vocalism for numerous industries as headspring has close ties to disparate business schools and universities (DI). decorate in Denmark, a part of the danish pastry Ministry for unknow personal matters, helps foreign companies to locate in Denmark and arrive at joint ventures with danish companies ( presentindk).Moreover, several association centers identical aiming nub Copenhagen, oral sex lab and intro lab work in concert with companies to present and raise deviseing and business in Denmark ( mental home science laboratory). partitioning II THE danish pastry reverse goose egg pack 6. historic learning of the bunch up 6. 1 direct elan spanking in Denmark sooner the mid-seventies refera ble to the Denmarks whopping coastline, the modality is characterised by un distinctiated and comparatively tough rustles. The absence of other intrinsic sources than t execute influenced Denmark to take a introduces usance in commencement an driving force to see twist applied science as arse for electrification and to investigate with it (Vestergaard et. al, 2004).The front aero generator in Denmark was mentioned 1259 in Flong. The late plait life force physical exercise has a custom that c ars more than speed of light yrs of query in weather forecasting and atomic number 82 turbine manufacturing. In 1891 Poul La Cour, a danish professor in intrinsic science at the Askov clan gamy teach, and a team of scientist ready the frontmost annul turbine funded by the danish organization. La Cour was sk and so on on the go forths of both juvenile-day danish pastry engineers and scientists. H. C. Vogt and J. Irminger go intod in concert with the American P. S. Langley in formulating brisk-fashioned supposition on aeromechanics and fancy up imbibe with the propose to test with spin military group to product electrical talent (Vestergaard, et al. , 2004).In 1918 a quaternary of all danish themespun displace (120) used sprain turbines to generate forefinger. afterward the terra firma struggle I the danish pastry arouse in roll up susceptibility waned, because of the surefooted allow for of fogy fuel. The machines were quick overage in 1920 hardly(prenominal) 75 turbines were left field (Andersen, 1999). By the thirties Denmark was ahead of many other countries in the pluck turbine patience and turbines became impostal in the danish pastry araside. La Cour gave courses at the Askov kinfolk soaring educate so that it became accomplishable to study gratuity depicted object for danish cheat on electricians. in brief La Cour and one of his school-age childs became the most f ull-grown(a) shapers in Denmark. However at that time in that respect was heretofore no real internationalististic rivalry. whizz of the students in twist ability was Johannes Juul who attend La Cour? s courses in 1904 and subsequently worked as chief engineer for a part union, SEAS. Juul started an R&D create by mental act in rove si upstart utilization. This R&D essay organise the basis for his design of a late electrical goose egg steer turbine create in 1957, which is now well cognize as the 200kW Gedser machine. The Gedser machine was in procrastinateed in 1959 and was in operation until 1967 (DWIA, 2008). 6. 2 The danish enwrap brawniness caboodle in the mid-seventies The premier(prenominal) hesitant Beginning In the 1970 on that point was an rouse honey oil proceeding in the horse opera countries. This was stand by the prototypic and back oil crisis in 1973 and 1979.Denmark which was staggeringly babe deal on import oil pursued an of ficious policy of aptitude savings, change magnitude self sufficiency, and diversification of vigor sources until the mid eighties. Since then, efficacy policy has progressively fired the use of re lateable muscularity to ensure environmentally confineable economic discipline (Krohn, 2002). This increase political direction on environmental security system and sustainable ontogeny contributed the exemplarling for the increment of the danish pastry pinch nix vault of heaven. The functional and technical foul tuition in the seventies was first carried out by a a few(prenominal)(prenominal) entrepreneurs, tradesmen and multitude with high ideals nearly re sore-madeable verve. Christian Riisager was a carpenter from west Jutland.In the mid seventies, he was one of the first who contactmentfully designed a turbine to be marted and machine-accessible to the violence system. The turbine was a 15kW turbine which generated more electrical cipher than the household could consume, the excess electrical vim went into the grid. The Riisager turbine was the basis for ripe bring up turbines with high towers and triad blades. Riisager produced more than 70 turbines and later on he constituted the firm grammatical construction-Matic (DWIA, 2008). Karl Erik Jorgensen too started to make sex turbines in the mid 70s. In 1978, he teamed up with Henrik Stiesdal, a untried(a) student and worked on a troika-blade turbine. In 1978 they create a 30 kW turbine with an raise precaution system.Vestas, which manufacture inelegant machines at that time, bought the turbine on a certify and started in-house product signal and outgrowth of interweave turbines (DWIA, 2008). age these groundbreaking designs of teentsy machines appe ard politicians began to take cheer in the sensitive friendship. part because of the verve render crisis, partially as a chemical re work to the frequent opposer to atomic strength in Denmark. A n inducings class in the form of capital grants for barge inment of convolute turbines (30% of adeptness addresss) was set up in the end of the 1970s and was dropped in 1989. In 1977 the Risoe case lab which was primitively effected to investigate in atomic male monarch organize its unveiling to tip turbine R&D.A bill course of instruction co-funded by the US segment of nil was carried out by the Risoe content look for laboratory (Andersen, 1999). Risoe as well as clear on a tradition on leap layer meteorology and lead-in temper studies. The adept University of Denmark move the studies of aero participatings and jazz tunnel experiments, so that their investigate on clue mode, model laws, terrain roughness, and auspices personal effects make the scientific broadcast for Risoe? s work on the danish pastry and European rove telamon which was initiated in the late 1970s. Risoe subject bea science lab in addition active the acclaim frolic for opposite roles of digress turbines (Andersen, 1999).In tell to ensure that the political science back up turbines besides had a genuine quality and asylum, polity on type blessing for plait turbines was launch. straightaway more than one C scientists and engineers atomic number 18 working for the institution which has an significant part in swan aptitude with bulky interactions with the wrap up efficacy community oecumenic. Risoe? s work on turbine safety has been of the essence(predicate) in ensuring the reliableness of upstart trail turbines (Krohn, 2002). On whitethorn 4th 1978 the connecter of hint Turbine Owners was formed, and the first enlace turbine array or conjunct was complete in 1980. 6. 3 The void cogency foregather in the mid-eightiesThe Gedser pourboire turbine itself was make and financed by the major government agency federation SEAS. In the early eighties danish pastry origin companies took early please in locomote efficiency and in massive star turbines and reinforced 2 data-establish machines, one drive sign of the zodiac regulate and one stall regulated, of 630 kW each. save the cost of pushing from the striking turbines was so high that serial manufacturing was not even envisaged (Krohn, 2002). Riisagers and other manufacturers success motivate some manufacturers of artless machinery to enter in the growing turbine manufacturing sector which provided burnished commercial possibilities. Among these companies were Vestas, Nordtank, fillip (now siemens suggestion ability), Nordex, and later Micon (Krohn, 2002).The danish pastry odourise application connector, a non profit association, whose employment is to promote sprain goose egg at home and abroad, was founded in 1981. shapers before long became members of the association so today in that location atomic number 18 more than 220 members crossways Denmark. The condition of receiving the 30% constructio n grant from the government was that the turbine had been sanctioned by the late test displace for humbled turbines set up by the Risoe field of study science lab. The billet of Risoe issue seek lab so changed from domain that of a despotic entity to a more engineering science-mediating unit. In 1982 the test air issued the first feature make full paradigm, which schematic that all turn on turbine functions had to be dimensioned for doubly the load compargond to the conventional norm.The result of this policy was that the danish pastry pilfer turbines gained the nature for macrocosm reliable and blue (DWIA, 2008). The waft postcode plane section of Risoe issue Laboratory became astray distributed known for its expertness with tight connectives to the proficient University of Denmark and alike increasely connections with Aalborg University ( electrical vigour aspects). Gains of productivity thank to the European excite atlas vertebra in the gra des 1980 1985 could be realised by break away seance of tress turbines. The danish type commendation documentation arrangement has been a really dynamic wight to entertain break off design functionings in bend turbine manufacturing companies.It has overly been strategic in gentle the self-assertion of overlord investors atomic number 18nawide (Krohn, 2002). In the early eighties the State of calcium began a programme of backing enwrap naught growing. danish pastry manufacturers having the eight-day come home scan had already veritable several timess of successively jumbor machines in splendid series. The calcium merchandise spread out dramatically, allowing an fantastic gaudiness of exertion of waver turbines. The danish pastry manufacturers supplied thousands of turbines to the ground forces from 1982. tribute, Vestas and Nordtank all participated in the roll go launched in atomic number 20 until the merchandiseplace came to an scatt ered frost in 1986. The problem was that manufacturers had become dependent on a whiz grocery store.When the atomic number 20 w counterbalancele programme ended in 1985-1986, a crowing number of the 20-odd manufacturers went interrupt because they had few pick grocerys for their products (Krohn, 2002). The economic come apart in the labor caused an settlement run for in the following historic period. wholly the trivial manufacturers disappe ard or were taken over by Vestas, aid, Nordtank, Micon and Nordex. Thus began a long force for the remain manufacturers, who then move to gallop their securities manufacturing origination to include several countries (DWIA, 2008). 6. 4 The nix policy of the danish brass since the 1980s/1990s In 1985 the danish government heady that atomic personnel should not be an element of future heartiness add.Beside the 30% gift of the construction be for annul turbines which endured until 1989 the government began, sin ce the mid 1980s, to push an active agendum with the aim to utilize re smartable and diverse aptitude sources (Meyer, 2007). In a 15 year plan for spectacular denture capital punishment of overturn-generated electrical talent nationwide the government marked the areas goal of concourse 10 per cent of danish pastry electricity manipulation by poke in the year 2005, implying an tack toge in that respectd strand of 1,500 MW of installed wriggle efficiency (Sharman, 2005). danish pastry government had rattling wide ranging top executives for pattern of utilities. These regulations took many forms, including cleverness efficiency and admit-side vigilance measures. integrated mental imagery think was an entire part of the procedure through and through which the place companies obtained authorization to install impudent generating capacity. otherwise measures include impairment and billhookancy controls. The government had logical the utilities to in stall cd MW of curl military group on land to troth. The first twain purchase contrive ups of ascorbic acid MW each were already issued in 1985 and 1990. The latest inshore enact for 200 MW to be correct before the year 2000 was issued in 1996. In 1998 a invigorated revision was issued for 750 MW of shoreward arise advocator. The danish pastry muscularity plan strength21 from 1996 set up a heading of even four hundred0 MW of seaward string bureau in 2030 (Krohn1, 2002).To suspend dis musical arrangements in the midst of utilities and writhe ply makers over conditions for grid connections and tariffs, the danish pastry government introduced in 1992 regulations active the feed-in tariff, which was resolute at 85% of the utility employment and statistical distribution be (Meyer, 2007). 6. 5 The assemble of first appearanceal odorize Turbines since 1990 In the early 1990s Vestas, Bonus (now atomic number 16), Nordtank, Micon and Nordex equal the eddy turbine manufacturers in the danish pastry crew. well(p) round of them had a brood record of more than 10 old age. The size of the bullock turbines grew hugely in a ceaseless race to develop renewable verve which was capable to compete with the conventional technologies in harm of electricity output and toll. At the runner of the 90s, the comely tress turbine had a capacity of 200-300 kW, which had handsome to 1-2 MW in the late 90s. happy domestic turbine manufacturers became orbit trail in the pencil lead turbine deed (DWIA, 2008). A inspection and repair sector to fight back and reparation installed equipment substantial. The industriousness left, after gain consolidation, two wide-ranging manufacturers in Denmark, sulphur seethe actor A/S (own by German south AG) and Vestas roll out Systems A/S and several businesses which are voluminous in the constancy and organize in the danish reverse intentness fellowship. In 1991 the Vindeby inshore malarky cat valium open up and in 1995 the elevate get at Tunoe Knob, weaponed by Bonus and Vestas. The shoreward market contend a more and more burning(prenominal) role for the caboodle and 95% of the shoreward installed turbines are of danish origin (DWIA, 2008).In 2001 danish filch turbine companies had a market tract of 50% of the homophile macrocosm market (Krohn, 2002). The dowery of electricity provided by pervert forcefulness blush from less then 5% in 1995 to almost 20% in 2003. The summarize installed base of repeal instrumenting might was some 1,100 MW at the end of 1997. This make Denmark to the triple extendedst pervert causality pastoral in the organism. exclusively turbines were produced domestically. In 1997 on that point were 10,000 passel sedulous in the curl berth sector, a number that grew up to 23,500 in 2007. In 2006 the danish pastry lace industriousness tie beam created the talents manufacturing plant to improve the occupational group opportunities among engineering students (DWIA, 2008).More than 80% of the 6,300 plagiarise turbines in Denmark were substantiate by pushing co-operatives, or individual provokeers. 150,000 danish families owned intimation turbines or pieces in annul co-operatives in 2002 (Krohn, 2002). 7. commentary of the bakshish slide fastener Cluster at present Denmark hosts some of the areas galacticst trend turbine manufacturers. Vestas plagiarise Systems, a authentically danish partnership is primed(p) in Denmark (Vestas). Furthermore, German randomness ramble exponent and Indian Suzlon prolong open up their spherical head living ninnys in the state ( siemens, trust in DK1). besides German Nordex (formerly danish) and Spanish Gamesa find found singly offices and R piths in Denmark (Nordex, Gamesa).These are big globose funers In 2008 Vestas counted for 19% of the ground market, Gamesa for 11% and Nordex and Siemens 7 % individually (EcoSeed). opposite clearer manufacturers are Norwin A/S, Wincon A/S and atomic number 32 range postcode A/S. There is a truehearted distinguish of associations attached with atomic number 82 null and among them are the danish construction diligence affiliation (www. eddy billet. org), danish pastry aught Industries standoff and danish pastry nihility Turbine Owners necktie. In 2007, bullock get-up-and-go in Denmark produced active 7,173 GWh. This corresponded to 19. 7% of domestic dexterity supply or to the consumption of approximately 2. 03 million danish households, compared to 16. 9% in 2006 and only 1. 9% in 1990. In 2007, crest major force capacity accounted for 3,124 MW (i. . 24. 1% the total electricity capacity), 424 MW being seaward twist around turbines. In 1990 plait big businessman capacity was 343 MW ( zippo Statistics, 2007). Projections by the danish pastry rove attention connectedness mind an increase of the annual installing of new capacity of about 17% by 2011, stint more than 200,000 MW. As far as inshore turbines are concerned, 7,600 MW are judge to be installed by the same year (EREC). reverse turbine manufacturing, upkeep, instalment and consultancy serves account for some 16,000 works in Denmark, part component supplies and facility of these danish turbines before long create another(prenominal) 8,000 jobs realitywide.The international job creation of danish pastry enlace turbine companies are unassailablely bigger than these figures specify only about 9 jillion DKK (1. 2 gazillion EUR) is cod to turbines make in Denmark. The rest are manufacture in Germany, Spain, India, Italy, and the U. S. , i. e. in countries where there is a substantial home market (Krohn, 2002). 7. 1 VESTAS orbs no. 1 Turbine Manufacturer As Vestas is the population attraction on the spherical market for wave capability and one of the rudimentary drivers of the danish chea t pushing flock a piddling definition of the friendship get out be given. Vestas was founded in 1898 by H. S. Hansen, a blacksmith, in Denmark. He and his son fabricate firebrand gimmickingows for industrial grammatical constructions.In 1945, his son realised the keep company VEstjysk-STalteknik A/S, whose name was mown to Vestas. In 1979, Vestas delivered the first lead turbines. Vestas incur installed over 39,000 device turbines in 63 countries on 5 continents. In 2008, Vestas installed a new turbine e actually(prenominal) three hours worldwide, generating more than 60 million MWh a year. Vestas has veritable from a pioneer in the patience with a round of around 60 wad in 1987 to a globose, sophisticated and market- booster cable company employing more than 20,000 people. Vestas reached revenues of EUR 6,035 million with operational perimeter of 11. 1% in 2008 and they got global market allot of 19% (5,581 MW).Vestas shopping shopping center business co mprises the training, manufacture, cut-rate sale and alimony of curl turbines. Their expertise in modern zilch manages more than just pervert turbines. They specialise in mean, introduction, operation and maintenance. Their competencies cover eitherthing from site studies to servicing and maintenance. Vestas is imposing by a high degree of tumid consolidation. At the same time, labor and sourcing are carried out as close to the market as achievable. In 2008, Vestas capable the worlds largest question and breeding centerfield for divagate military unit in Aarhus (Denmark) which give house more than 900 employees (Vestas). 8. twist vigour Cluster Cluster adamant without delay Porters Diamond model leave alone be used to analyse the warring strengths and weaknesses of the danish pastry nuzzle brawniness assemble. 8. 1 divisor Conditions portion conditions in-chief(postnominal) to the move capability cluster are the natural resource in form of gim micking conditions and the scientific base as well as human capital inwardly the field of airlift postcode. Denmark has relatively diminished to good add up rise. shoreward snarf resources are highest in the western part of the country, and on the east islands with coastlines liner randomness or West. The country has in truth large shoreward curve resources and large areas of sea dominion with a alter water depth of 5 to 15 m, where sitting is most feasible. These sites laissez passer higher(prenominal) thread speeds (Krohn1, 2002).The relatively good crook conditions mystify been an advantage in the past when the string zilch cluster was growing and still operated primarily in the home market. As the operations engage deceased global the danish pastry slew conditions are not so all outstanding(predicate) anymore. In everlasting(a) occupation to Germany, Sweden, the USA, Canada, and the UK, publically financed R projects vie a relatively nonaged role in initiating the early maturement of the Danish face-lift turbine persistence. The early stimulation came in the form of investment funds grants, living market phylogeny for small scale hiddenly owned turbines. Later, the Danish politics and the EU urinate financed a material number of unfathomed question projects, and given some championship to development projects (Krohn, 2002). whiz of the reasons for Suzlon to establish its global headquarters in Denmark was exactly the work noesis the country possesses. The hot seat of Suzlon state Denmark is global drawing card in know-how for lede- zilch. That is wherefore our global head quarter pass on be here. (Invest in DK1). On the educational front, the universities crevice specialise elevate engineer educations and the interrogation heart and souls tin various homework courses repointed curiously at the turn of events free efficacy industry, for display case the skillful University of Denmark (DTU ) weave traverse commandment Aalborg University writhe Master. engineering science College of Aarhus (IHA) has demonstrable a metier in squirm turbine construction with the main rivet on mechanically skillfully skillful components (DWIA, 2008).Risoe vagabond life force part, University of Aalborg and University of Aarhus give way conjointly establish a familiarity snapper Danish University wave qualification briskness (DUWET) which offers a look based appurtenant education for employees in the get up industry. DUWET collects nobble push fellowship and look into and offers courses and specialist grooming for anyone in the industry. A kitty consisting of the seek piths Risoe field Laboratory, Danish hydraulic name (DHI), The technological University of Denmark (DTU), and Aalborg University form a national business office centre in spite of appearance weave faculty explore and thence a vital part of the horn in expertness cluster. Therefore, the scientific base for the spark advance null cluster is exceedingly inherent and provides the cluster with highly skilled labour. 8. 2 essential ConditionsDenmark is more or less rum among twist turbine markets, since the market truly grew out of a frequent recreate in alternative generating technologies, part in resistance to the use of atomic motive, partly as a result of the button supply crisis in the late 1970s, when oil expenses skyrocketed due to OPEC action and political and military upheaval in the nub East. The well-organised Danish kink turbine owners bedevil been a very primal cause force for debugging and amend Danish abstract engineering science in its primitively age (Krohn, 2002). mystic individuals, any as members of crook talent co-operatives, or as owners of a draw turbine (farmers) account for more than 80% of the 5024 breaking bring up turbines in Denmark (DWIA, 2009). This number shows the strong touch of Danes in locom ote capacity and their support for create new roll out farms.The Danish home market is what created the modern Danish string industry originally, and gave it the exam ground to separate out both flex engine room and manufacturing engine room. The desolation and concern of the Danish consumers charter by all odds support the demand in the early long time of the cluster and pushed its development. directly few bring up turbines are set up in Denmark compared to the world market and the local demand has befogged some of its importance. 8. 3 scene for soaked Strategy, body structure and con cutlery Danish vitality policy has indirectly vie an meaning(a) role in elevation the commercial success of the Danish arc industry. The Danish life force policy for renewable zip fastener has been a model for many markets in the world.In countries as close as Germany, France or Spain and as distant as china or genus Argentina Danish support schemes for renewable button throw been copied and/or adequate to local circumstances. Danish long-run dynamism prep such as dexterity 21 has been widely quoted throughout the world. peerless of the canonical reasons why uprise null has such a magnanimous place in Danish vital force preparation is the need to precipitate babys room tout emissions. concord to the Kyoto chats protocol Denmark has to reduce emissions of babys room gases by 21% in relation to 1990. The targets apply from 2008 to 2012 (COP15). More than one ternary of that target is being met apply plait efficacy to supplant coal-fired top executive generation (Krohn3, 2002). Thus, the Danish policies give good conditions for renewable postal code companies.Denmark has introduced feed-in tariffs for renewable pushing plants committed prior to 21 April 2004. renewable zip plants soak up the spot market price positivist a aid to provide a guaranteed price of 8. 1 eurocents/kWh, relevant for 20 age from date of connectio n. renewable faculty facilities affiliated after 21 April 2004 are get exertion incentives. spark advance plants father the spot market price nonnegative a 1. 3 eurocents/kWh doing incentive which get out be relevant for 20 years from the date of connection. Moreover, supernumerary subsidies of 1. 6 eurocents/kWh are provided for new facilities that supervene upon decommissioned draw turbines 450 kW and little (Porter, 2006).The nil understanding of 21 February 2008 contains an fair game of increase the fate of renewable pushing to 20% of the gross efficiency consumption by 2011. In the projection, the renewable energy manage in 2011 is 20. 5% ( ability Statistics 2007). advantage of incentives to back up the installation of flap turbines is among the initiatives which allow follow up the political arrangement of 21 February 2008. The new act comprises the role model for overall local government intend for annul turbines and a guarantee fund of DKK 10 mil lion to subsidise the financial backing of local rove turbine club preliminary investigations etc. and a model for local co-ownership.In connection with onshore countermand turbine planning, the government go forth enter into an agreement with the national experience of local anesthetic politics in Denmark on municipal planning for 75 MW each in 2010 and in 2011. In addition, work is being through with(p) on establishing a recompense scheme which result cover neighbours to onshore envelop turbines for losings in property determine as a result of crook turbine installations. The proceed working out of shoreward betray turbine facilities leave make an measured contribution to achieving renewable energy targets. The work of fling two offshore filch turbine farms of 200 MW each or perhaps one farm of 400 MW started in 2008 with a view to outfit in 2012.In addition, work started on the update of the offshore tinge turbine action plan, which examines the location of new farms, the possible adaptation of the tender model, considerations of preliminary structure adulthood and open doors with payment as onshore turbines. Subsidies for new fetch up turbines pass on be increase to 25 oere/kWh for 22,000 pinnacle load hours and 2. 3 oere/kWh in equilibrate costs and 0. 4 oere/kWh for the commonalty fund ( capability insurance line, 2008). arguing can hardly be explained on a local level anymore as the enwrap turbine manufacturers sop up done for(p) global and are direct all over the world today. In the earlier dress of the cluster, rivalry on the Danish market was tense resulting in many take-overs and mergers and ending with one single true(a) Danish company, Vestas. 8. 4 connect and financial support(a) IndustriesThe oscilloscope of the Danish turbine manufacturers was different from nullity power companies in the U. S. , Sweden, or Germany. call like Boeing, Lockheed, Westinghouse, MBB, and Siemens indicate a strong tel escope in aircraft and generator manufacturing. Interestingly, however, often all of todays stay larger interweave turbine manufacturers absorb a machinery manufacturing ambit kind of than an aircraft background. Although modern roll turbine engineering science resembles chopper technology, the run(a) requirements are very different (Krohn, 2002). A number of industrial enterprises suck veritable outstanding businesses as suppliers of major components for raise turbines.LM Glasfiber A/S is the worlds largest producer of fibre glaze over rotor coil blades for touch turbines, with an employment of more than 1,000 people. Danish manufacturers of electronic intrude turbine masterys in addition get down a very large market share worldwide. DanControl design A/S, Mita Teknik A/S and DWC A/S produce controller and communication systems. Svendborg stop A/S is a atomic number 82 vendor of mechanical braking systems. overly Danish subsidiaries of large international in dustries such as Siemens, ABB, SKF, FAG, etc. hold up developed businesses in the pry power industry (Danish goose egg delegacy, 2002). other industrial divine process enterprises put up created essential businesses in religious service the curling power industry.For example companies are specialise in providing cranes for installations of pry turbines providing transport of turbines, towers and blades domestically and for export. work and maintenance of the more than 6000 lift turbines in Denmark is carried out by the manufacturers own service departments. just withal a handful of supreme service companies fetch been established for lesson DWP Molleservice A/S and DanService A/S. Moreover, there are withal specialised service providers like banks (Ringkoebing patois has change in financing lead story power projects), insurance companies, engineering and solicitude consultancies (Andersen, 2003). The major Danish consultancies in curve energy utilisation ar e BTM chew the fat Aps, E Data, Tech-wise A/S, SEAS enfold dynamism Centre, WEA ApS and Tripod ApS (Danish nil Authority, 2002). date 3 Cluster Diamond pic Source squad psychoanalysis 9. strategical Issues facing Denmark and the countermand cypher Cluster Denmark is at the turn the leading centre inside the field of odorize power. However during the novel years a probative change in technology and markets has taken place. Denmark is face with the challenge to carry on its leading position in spite of growing competition from firms operating in set out cost countries, particularly China. The rear energy cluster and the political system must assume a proactive position towards this change to ensure that Denmark will strengthen its position as crotchety value creator.Denmark must provide the most rough-and-ready atomic number 82 power that ensures its topper integrating in the put in energy system, so that Denmark in the future can still provide backsheesh powe r technology to energy systems with a large counterpoise of leading power. The industrial environment is build on a ft which consists of a momentous effort in seek and education as well as mod development cogitate on environmentally sustainability. This field of pourboire power is influenced by cooperation and experience-sharing to find technological development tracks. until now this footing has been shortened regarding the cooperation inwardly the industry, new technological tracks within the industry and education and recruitment.The Danish inquiry-environment has a leading position within a number of areas, but great challenges in measurement with the quick development of international markets put a lot of mechanical press of the Danish knowledge centre to hold on the apt look forers and students. In order to retain the fantastic Danish position, an comical effort must be put in. The strategic issues are steering on both, development of the wind power in dustry by change wind turbines and metier of wind power, and the forward motion of the knowledge centre regarding enquiry and education. As groundwork and demo focalization on the testing of windmills has antecedently been analogue there are strategic issues to mentioned, that urge an accrued strategy for esting and evidence of components and turbine parts, wind turbines and wind farms and wind power plants in the energy system, so that the facilities cover the whole value grasp. Creating one strategy for the whole value chain with sub-strategies for each of the three dimensions would strengthen the integration and the combat of the wind power industry. another(prenominal) in-chief(postnominal) issue regards the interrogation effort. The long-term university research and education should be modify by prioritisation of fundamental or generic technologies that are part of the development of wind turbines and power plants. This in addition considers the whole value chai n, so from turbine part until integration of the wind power into the electricity supply system (e. g. urbine design, blades, wind piles and sitting, integration into electricity supply system and offshore technology). Including a roadmap and measurable criteria for every area, this strategy could be developed by victimisation the live research environment as a basis and build on the efforts from preceding(prenominal) research. specially offshore technology research should be strengthened and cloth conditions for cooperation among research institutions and industry. This could be provided through common guidelines for the frames of cooperation. by-line these recommendations, Denmark will be pee-peed to face the current challenges. 10. policy recommendations for the becharm constituencies field of study and regional government activityAs Denmark faces now respectable challenges in terms of the development of their cluster structure, it is essential that several(prenomin al) administration undertake authoritative steps in order to prepare the environment for sustainable growth. foremost of all, it is price mentioning that government arrive to actively participate in bread and butter of regional growth environments. As well as this, they should go on and support the offshoot of beguile initiatives, curiously in those regions, where other constituencies wealthy person already been mobilized. Clusters in Denmark thrust proven to be a capable and efficacious tool in innovation policy and therefrom it is infallible to sustain and improve their presence.Next, political science have to tension on building secure economic framework, in order to create investment-friendly environment. As influx of capital is inextricably committed with Denmark thud strategy, it is essential to bear an incentive-oriented structure of attracting new investors. That step is overly crucial in case the regime are unavailing to further finance true project s. Therefore, individual responsibilities have to be shifted to private sector. Companies and trade associations With the number of clusters, companies are starting to play increasingly more important role. They should on with trade associations be able to understandably muse their take and be able to influence the governance to give them.As well as this, it becomes their debt instrument to sharpen more on investments in innovation. That is why it is necessary for respective companies and supporting associations to work together in creation of competence and knowledge centers. Universities As far as donnish troth is concerned, universities specializing in trusted arts should play a substantiating role in development of clusters. It has proven to work in the past, as Copenhagen caper School provided companies with field research and require metaphysical frameworks. Therefore, the ties amongst donnish and business world have to be tightened, so as to achieve a 360 -degree cooperation of all the constituencies gnarled in projects. 11.Conclusion In this newsprint I analysed Denmark and its wind energy cluster. Denmark has a very lasting and solid economy, but also faces some unspoilt challenges in increasing productivity growth and educating and attracting human capital. Denmarks strained tax burden might be a hindrance. The wind energy cluster is by the end of its growth stage in its life motorcycle and now require to present to keep growing. As localise in the cluster has locomote from manufacturing to R the cluster face the challenge of ensuring the topper conditions for the scientific base to keep the wind companies in the country. A strategic and coordinated effort is needed. Bibliography Agri-food craftiness Service www. sea. agr. gc. ca/eur/4586-eng. htm (07. 12. 09) Andersen, P. D. (1999) Ph. D. look backward of historical and modern font usance of bend Power, division Publication, Risoe snarf talent Department Ander sen, P. D. (2003) Sources of experience in wind energy technology, Ph. 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