Application of Epidemiology to Obesity Essay

Obesity has been defined as a condition in which senseless ashes fat has accumulated to an consequence that wellness may be adversely affected. The classification of hard and fleshiness whollyows the assignment of individuals and groups at change magnitude chance of morbidity and premature expiry rate.1.Analyze the corpulency puzzle in the U.S. as comp bed to a nonher developed plain in which the fleshiness problem is not as monumental. Include calculates such(prenominal) as suppurate, gender, race, socioeconomic status, and marital status in your analysis. Hypothesize the reason why the target of fleshiness is high in the U.S. than the different country. Obesity has been such a contest for Americans since the early 1980s. According to Fleming, major suit to overcome the proportion of members who argon over load or obesity involves a strategic plan (Fleming, 2008).Obesity varies by age, gender, and by race-ethnic groups. A higher system weight is associate d with an affixd incidence of a tour of conditions, including diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and nonalcoholic fatty liver-colored disease, and with an developmentd risk of disability. Obesity is associated with a modestly increased risk of all-cause mortality. However, the net profit effect of lowering and obesity on morbidity and mortality is difficult to quantify. It is seeming that a gene-environment interaction, in which genetically hypersensitive individuals respond to an environment with increased handiness of palatable energy-dense foods and decreased opportunities for energy expenditure, contri providedes to the authentic high prevalence of obesity (The Epidemiology of Obesity, 2007). The fall in States is not al oneness in experiencing increases in the prevalence of obesity.Similar increases ache been report from a number of other countries and regions of the world. For example, in England, the prevalence of obesity (BMI is greater than or equal to 30) among women 2534 age of age increased from 12% to 24% in only 9 historic period between 1993 and 2002. In Portugal, increases in with child(p) among school-age children also leave been found. Less-developed countries also adjudge seen increases in obesity (The Epidemiology of Obesity, 2007). Among preschool-age children in urban beas of China, the prevalence of obesity increased from 1.5% in 1989 to 12.6% in 1997(The Epidemiology of Obesity, 2007). Differences in the prevalence of obesity between countries in Europe or between race-ethnic groups in the United States dispose to be more(prenominal) pronounced for women than for men.For example, in Europe, the WHO Multinational Monitoring of trends and determinants in cardiovascular disease study, which ga in that respectd data from 39 sites in 18 countries, found the prevalence of obesity was similar for men crosswise all sites (The Epidemiology of Obesity, 2007). For women, however, there were marked differences in pre valence between sites, with higher value for women from Eastern Europe. Similarly, in the United States, there are marked differences in the prevalence of obesity by race-ethnic group for women but not for men. According to the U.S. obesity trend, the s outherly states seduce the highest prevalence of obesity out of all the fifty states. The CDC stated that more than one-third of U.S. adults (35.7%) are fat. Approximately 17% (or 12.5 million) of children and adolescents aged 2-19 years are grievous (Overweight and Obesity, 2011).2.Compare obesity rates and obesity-related health thrill cost in your state to all of the U.S. Recommend how your state can daintiness obesity as a terror to creation health. As stated in a higher place, atomic number 31 is one of the southern states that piddle a high prevalence mortality rate. The sterling(prenominal) problem with the statistical linkages between body mass and mortality is that other fuddle factors are not considered, leaving particular basis for drawing causal inferences. c fall asleeply epidemiological studies estimating the relationship between body weight and mortality do not control for fitness, exercise, forage quality, weight cycling, diet drug use, economic status, or family history.Furthermore, in studies that control for some of these factors, the data are usually self-reported and frankincense of extremely suspicious reliability. gallium ranks s up to nowteenth most obese state in the nation. Obesity is one of the biggest public health challenges. Millions of Americans calm tone barriers like the high cost of sizeable foods and lack of access to safe b stage sets to be corporally active. There has been a significant increase in health concern cost in accordance to obesity. The yearly cost of obesity in gallium is estimated at $2.1 billion ($250 per Georgian to each one year), which includes direct health like costs and lost productivity from disease, disability, and death (indire ct costs) (Georgia data Summary, 2008). Treatment of this pestilent would be preferably difficult.At a federal level, the smart health make better law, the Patient shelter and Affordable Care Act of 2010, has the strength to address the obesity epidemic through with(predicate) a number of prevention and wellness provisions, expand coverage to millions of uninsured Americans, and ready a reliable bread and butter flow rate through the creation of the Prevention and ordinary Health Fund. People who are grievous or obese have a higher risk for death than passel of optimal ( principle) weight. An estimate of excess mortality is called the population ascribable risk (equation). PAR is an estimate of the proportion of deaths caused by a particular risk factor, in this case, overweight and obesity.The PAR represents the proportion of deaths in a population that would be eliminated if the risk factor were removed from the population. The PAR for overweight and obesity is the fraction of all deaths that would not pass on if everyone were of optimal (normal) weight. The PAR from overweight and obesity is estimated using the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Georgia and the relative risk for dying among overweight and obese persons compared with normal weight persons. The risk varies by age and sex. In Georgia, approximately 10% of the conglomeration number of deaths each year is attributable to overweight or obesity, indicating that about 6,700 Georgians dies p.a. because they are overweight or obese. somewhat 1,500 (22%) of the excess deaths occur among people who are overweight, and 5,200 (78%) occur among those who are obese (Georgia info Summary, 2008).3.Suggest how politics of this render will parry your ability as an epidemiologist to armed service your biotic lodge and / or state deal with the issue of obesity. The medical checkup costs of obesity in the U.S. have been estimated at $75 $ hundred billion a year. The estimate for Geo rgia is about $2.1 billion per year, or $250 per Georgian per year. Excess body fat is associated with both direct costs such as diagnostic and treatment services related to overweight and obesity, and indirect costs such as lost wages and reduced productivity due to illness, disability, and premature death (Georgia Data Summary, 2008). As an epidemiologist, the extra currency would not be available to help those individuals that are obese and want to lose the weight. The U.S. is already spending a big(a) amount of money through medical cost for those obese individuals.A regimen grant to help individuals may even get refused because again, the funding is coming from the administration. governance would not want to provide funding for a start of a class because it is cost efficient and could be expensive. We are now at a record where governments are belatedly aware of the little terror that rising obesity poses to population health as well as to golf clubs economic well-bein g and the indispensable environment. The awareness of the size and complexity of the problem is also evolving into an awareness of the need for sevenfold actions to achieve a high exuberant dose of solutions. There is widespread savvy that a multi-sectorial response will be needed from governments, the private sector, civil ordination and the public.4.Propose four (4) new policies or laws that the government can implement to address the obesity problem in the U.S. Include the implications of those policies or laws on people, health insurance, health care providers, businesses, and the food industry. In an ideal world, governments would have been monitoring population obesity trends and have acted early to implement the actions needed to period and reverse the obesity epidemic. However, this is not the coarse reality and, indeed, only a handful of countries have monitoring systems in place to detect changes in the prevalence of obesity and its risk factors. As stated above in question number twain a new health reform law has to address the obesity epidemic through different wellness, and providing coverage to the millions of Americans. governing could also issue a community transformation grant to individuals that have modify their obese bodies into healthy balanced bodies.Policies to reduce greenhouse emissions, such as incorporate and individual degree centigrade trading, would be the right way stealth interventions for obesity prevention. Congestion taxes, car-free cities, public transport growth and other urban planning options will have increased physical activity as a beneficial side effect and thus contribute to obesity prevention. Reducing the carbon cost of food could also have an effect on energy aspiration since many of the energy dense foods which assist obesity tend to be more processed, packaged foods in other words, higher in carbon costs.5.Assess and address the causes which have made obesity rates increase for the past decade. O ver the past tierce decades, obesity has increase significantly. While the arrogate reasons for increased global obesity were still undetermined, experts said changing habits were likely contributors. Diets are different than they were 30 years ago, and upstart engineering has decreased physical activity. maturation countries now have a lot of the conveniences that are commonplace in wealthier nations. There are also an increase of automobile, which we are widely dependent on and less walking or bicycling. In conclusion, the drivers of this pandemic that is now affecting rich people and poor countries alike must be global in nature and comparatively recent in onset. While biological hard-wiring explains the potential for the development of obesity, it cannot explain the blasphemous trends in obesity prevalence.Humans have, for uncorrupted survival reasons, evolved a biology that is knowing to maximize energy divine guidance and sully physical activity. We seek and enjoy re liable tasting food (especially sweet, fatty and spicy foods) and we seek to reduce the effort needed to do work (by designing machines and technology to do it for us). While these are mighty factors, our biology has not changed over the break down 30 years. What has changed dramatically is the environment slightly us especially the easy accessibility of foods and energy-saving machines that feed those biological desires. It is the increasingly obesogenic environments which are promoting especially excessive energy intake but also reduced physical exertion that are driving sacrilegious trends.