The Diagnosis and Treatment of Obsessive

The Diagnosis and Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsiv Essay OCDe DisorderThere are many factors to consider in the evaluation and treatment of Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). This paper will discuss the strategies that have proven most effective in treating the disorder, including: drug therapy, cognitive therapy, and family-based therapy. It will focus on the benefits of flexibility, emphasizing combination therapy, especially with cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has become an increasingly familiar disorder within the world of health and medicine. The recurring obsessions and compulsions associated with the disorder seem quite easy to identify, yet the acknowledgement of OCD in children had been overlooked for quite some time. Many people believe that children have no reason to develop depression or anxiety disorder such as OCD (Wiznitzer, 2003). Diagnoses and treatment of OCD patients has only recently shifted from adults to children. Some of the most important questions facing psychologists studying OCD today are how to determine which children suffer from OCD and what treatments most effectively reduce or eliminate their symptoms. Researchers have offered that by applying some of the information learned from treating adults, our understanding of the disorder in children may improve immensely. We will write a custom essay on The Diagnosis and Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsiv specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now With the majority of psychologists agreeing with this proposal, OCD has gained a large amount of attention in the last couple of decades. Recent studies have estimated that the condition is 2 to 20 times more common than previously thought and has been the catalyst for research activity in the area (Waters, 2000). Though this heightened attention is good news for suffering children, it has not been as helpful as originally expected. A number of unnecessary drug-based therapies have been implemented in an attempt to meet the increasing demand of OCD treatment. Many of these drugs have proved successful in treating anxiety disorders; however, many OCD cases require more complex treatments. Many could benefit from several alternative forms of OCD treatment, such as family oriented treatments and cognitive-behavioral therapy. Unfortunately, the advantages of combining these methods with drug therapy have nearly been overlooked in the scramble for easy answers. Cognitive-behavioral therap y (CBT) has emerged as a safe, viable, and efficient treatment for OCD among children and adolescents (Wagner, 2000). One specific form of CBT that has proven to be quite successful is exposure plus response prevention (ERP). In this method, patients are guided into conscious confrontation with the objects and situations that serve as the triggers of their obsessive fears. Following exposure, patients are taught how to abstain from the obsessive habits that they have constructed to relieve their anxieties. This treatment is quite similar to conditioning in that the response prevention immediately follows the exposure, maximizing the reinforcement effectiveness of the therapy. The idea behind this treatment is that repeated exposure to the anxiety-producing stimulus leads to the patients habituation and progression in overcoming the disorder. Additionally, the realization that obsessive fears do not materialize during ERP appears to reduce the potency of the obsessions (Wagner, 2000) . The second form of CBT that has proven to be successful is the RIDE theory. In this theory, encounters and enactments of OCD symptoms are broken down into four different stages: R, I, D, and E. In the R stage, individuals are taught to recognize OCD thoughts as impractical to the childs normal being. By doing this they could realize their urges and take the necessary steps in dismissing them from their consciousness. Once they have done this they are taught the I stage. In this stage they must insist that they are in fact in control of their behavior. This assertion puts them in the drivers seat where they determine what actions will be taken next. The third stage is the D stage. This is the stage where the actual change of behavior takes place. Children learn to defy OCD, resisting their urges by doing the exact opposite of what they feel. The fourth and final stage of the RIDE theory is the E stage. When the child has learned to successfully complete the first three stages, they ar e taught to enjoy and celebrate their success. By recognizing, insisting, and defying their unusual urges, children have learned to overcome OCD and should be able to appreciate their hard-deserved success. .ua53365449fd915c4dc98d1a41ebc6fce , .ua53365449fd915c4dc98d1a41ebc6fce .postImageUrl , .ua53365449fd915c4dc98d1a41ebc6fce .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua53365449fd915c4dc98d1a41ebc6fce , .ua53365449fd915c4dc98d1a41ebc6fce:hover , .ua53365449fd915c4dc98d1a41ebc6fce:visited , .ua53365449fd915c4dc98d1a41ebc6fce:active { border:0!important; } .ua53365449fd915c4dc98d1a41ebc6fce .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua53365449fd915c4dc98d1a41ebc6fce { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua53365449fd915c4dc98d1a41ebc6fce:active , .ua53365449fd915c4dc98d1a41ebc6fce:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua53365449fd915c4dc98d1a41ebc6fce .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua53365449fd915c4dc98d1a41ebc6fce .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua53365449fd915c4dc98d1a41ebc6fce .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua53365449fd915c4dc98d1a41ebc6fce .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua53365449fd915c4dc98d1a41ebc6fce:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua53365449fd915c4dc98d1a41ebc6fce .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua53365449fd915c4dc98d1a41ebc6fce .ua53365449fd915c4dc98d1a41ebc6fce-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua53365449fd915c4dc98d1a41ebc6fce:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Explosion EssayThough both the ERP and RIDE methods have proven successful, their effectiveness is both limited and varying. The unfortunate truth is that many children do not benefit from these strategies and many others diagnosed with OCD do not receive CBT at all. A variety of reasons have been offered in explanation to this, the most common being simply that there are not a sufficient amount of clinicians who are trained in managing the challenges expected in this type of treatment. The second is that the disorder itself can be difficult to detect and diagnose in the first place. Many children reason that they either have to or are uncertain why they perform some o f their actions, which has lead others to believe that the obsessive behavior is willful. Although this does pull treatment potential back, it is important to take full advantage of the resources available right now. Among these available resources is the role of the family in childhood obsessive-compulsive disorder. A large percent (67%) of adults suffering from OCD have reported signs of symptoms extending well into childhood memories. One groups of researchers state that OCD is a common childhood onset psychiatric condition (Steinberger, 2002). This information hints that the family may play a critical role in the development and treatment of OCD, both genetically and cognitively. Research on the subject has yielded inconsistent results, but on average, 20% of parents of children with OCD are also diagnosed with the disorder. Cognitively, psychosocial factors have also been acknowledged as important. Although the exact factors are still being investigated, many have already been found. These factors range widely in their influence including high expressed emotion, overprotection, lack of warmth, avoidance, caution, and fearfulness. Each factor is relative self explanatory, though the direct correlation of each with the disorder differs slightly. While in some instances the cause for each factor can be negative, most cases are related in an indirect from. The most common are a result from a feeling of helplessness, generally resulting from a failure to successfully support the family member with OCD in previous situations, or some sort of confusion in actions that were originally made with good intention. For example, a common misconception of people is to accommodate the OCD behavior when in fact, it is widely recognized that accommodation of the OCD behavior through assistance with rituals, giving reassurance, and facilitating avoidance of feared stimuli serves to reinforce and maintain the symptoms (Waters, 2000). There are many different strategies to consider when treating OCD. It is important to realize that OCD varies in type and severity, so treatment will vary in their effectiveness. Whatever is tried, it is important to urge flexibility, as a combination of drug and behavioral treatment may be needed (Rapoport, 2000). Recent studies such as the ERP and RIDE approve and recommend CBT in treating OCD. They also emphasize the importance of flexibility in successfully treating the disorder. Many cases may benefit best from a combination of drug and behavioral treatment. BibliographyRapoport, J., ; Inoff-Germain, G. (2000). Treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology ; Psychiatry, 41(4), 419-431. Steinberger, K. (2002). Classification of OCD in children and adolescence. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavic, 106(2), 97-102. Wagner, A. (2003). CBT for Children and adolescents with OCD. Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention. 3(3). 291-306. Waters, T., ; Barret, P. (2000). The role of the family in childhood obsessive-compulsive disorder. Clinical Child ; Family Psychology Review, 3(3), 173-184. Wiznitzer, M. (2003). Why do psychiatric drug research in children? Lancet, 361(9364). 1147-1148.

Masking Poor Communication Essays

Masking Poor Communication Essays Masking Poor Communication Paper Masking Poor Communication Paper Article Critique: Masking Poor Communication Brandi N. Ervin COM 200: Interpersonal Communication Instructor: Benae Lambright May 09, 2011 Masking Poor Communication Yes this has happen to me on several occasions, Sometimes my husband and I will bump heads because of a simple gesture or look on ones face. What I have done to correct this is to simply ask if whatever I’m trying to communicate is understood or if he has questions as to the subject at hand. After reading and doing some research on this week’s assignment I came across some interesting points. People commonly believe that they communicate better with close friends than with strangers. That closeness can lead people to overestimate how well they communicate, a phenomenon we term the closeness-communication bias,' study co-author Boaz Keysar, a professor in psychology at the University of Chicago, said in a university news release  © 2011 HealthDay. I have found that sometimes its just plan miscommunication between us an example of this is I would say to my husband, its getting hot in here, as a hint for her him to turn up the air conditioning a notch, I was surprised when he interpreted my statement as a coy, amorous advance instead this has happen in many other simple conversations. I amazed me after reading more on this the article â€Å"Close Relationships Sometimes Mask Poor Communication†. I do this al the time not only with my Husband but family and friends as well. Not to sat that my intentions were to mislead anyone, but this article rang close to home. As an effort to make sure that I don’t find myself in the miscommunication habit, I will have to practice and evaluate my communicative skills daily. I also believe that it’s very easy to expect someone close to you to understand you, but it more complex than that. I will have to not take for granted that those close to me are always on the page. I found through research six key steps to communicate better with others Use open-ended questions, Active Listening, Create a cocoon† If youre finding it particularly difficult to concentrate on what someone is saying, try to imagine a â€Å"cocoon† around you and the person youre listening to. Imagine that the cocoon is blocking out all outside distractions, so you can really focus on what theyre saying. Try repeating their words mentally as they say it this will reinforce their message and help you control mind drift† Copyright  © 2006-2011 VideoJug Corporation Limited, Engage with the other person, Assumptions (stop assuming), and Don’t use Antagonistic sentences like â€Å"You should know me better†, â€Å"Why are you trying to upset me? , â€Å"Youve never understood me†, â€Å"I thought we were going to enjoy ourselves†. These are antagonistic sentences. I must say these six steps have had a dramatic affect. [pic] References: 1. mindtools. com/page8. html 2. videojug. com/film/how-to-talk-to-people-better-communication-skills 3. http://proquest. umi. com/pqdweb? ReqType=301=0GSM3D4P8S=WELCOME=1

Psychological effects of Propaganda in relation to Totalitarianism Essay

Psychological effects of Propaganda in relation to Totalitarianism - Essay Example Totalitarianism is a new form of government falling into the general classification of dictatorship, a system in which technologically advanced instruments of political power are wielded without restraint by centralized leadership of an elite movement for the purpose of affecting a total social revolution, including the conditioning of man on the basis of certain arbitrary ideological assumptions, proclaimed by the leadership in an atmosphere of coerced unanimity of the entire population. (qtd. in Linz 66). Therefore in a totalitarian regime propaganda is the psychological weapon used to make the unassuming masses toe the political line. The role of propaganda in bringing about such a revolution has been emphasized. History is littered with examples of the use of propaganda in transforming hitherto placid peoples into bloodthirsty vengeful killers. Records of such unimaginable violence raise many questions about the darker side of human nature and what goads ordinary individuals into performing unspeakable acts. Thus the focus of this essay will be to study the psychological effects of propaganda in relation to totalitarianism. Totalitarianism relied heavily on fear to control individuals, stifle resistance, root out dissent and eliminate opposition. According to Bramstedt, propaganda and fear share a symbiotic relationship, "Terror without propaganda would lose most of its psychological effect, whereas propaganda without terror does not contain its full punch" (175). Fear and terror were used to prompt individuals to behave in the manner approved by the regime. Propaganda had the effect of taking the edge out of the sting of terror by justifying the heavy-handed tactics employed as essential in the journey towards a bright future and by painting a rosy picture of the future under the current government. The combined use of fear and propaganda to great effect was demonstrated in the aftermath of the Russian revolution. The Bolsheviks under Lenin unleashed the red terror on the populace to deal with the insurgents. The secret police known as the Cheka and the red army under Trotsky sought to destroy the anti-Bolsheviks with a firm hand. Thousands were executed in cold blood or imprisoned in concentration camps that spread like a rash throughout the country. The masses cowered in fear and were psychologically ripe for the effects of propaganda. Agitation propaganda had been employed by Lenin via inflammatory publications like the Pravda to discredit the Tsarist regime and to fan the flames of revolution. Having seen the revolution to its bloody end and by demonstrating their might the Bolsheviks set about establishing a totalitarian system. Propaganda was used to garner popular support for the government and to enlighten the masses about the benefits of communism. People were led to b elieve that communism was the panacea for all their problems and the rewards were manifold for those who embraced its tenets. Needless to say the masses were convinced and thus propaganda bolstered by fear laid the groundwork for the development of a powerful Soviet Russia. The Nazis used a like combination of propaganda

Report 2 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Report 2 - Research Paper Example The gross national income of France has been shown in Fig: 1 Fig: 1 Gross National Income (Constant LCU) of France from 2001 - 2008 Year Gross National Income (USD) 2001 1488158021381.53 2002 1501245372339.87 2003 1521878054445.64 2004 1559210096827.65 2005 1582130189782.76 2006 1619190188756.39 2007 1661405860136.66 2008 1656522089015.02 Source:(Trading Economics, â€Å"Gross national income (constant LCU) in France†) France has maintained immense growth in current years and its national income has increased since 2001. Therefore, majority of people in France has the ability to buy the product ‘French Mousse’ for their meal as the cost is affordable. Age In the year 2010, the population of France was 65,102,719, with a growth rate of 0.549%. In the year 2010, the proportion of 0–14 years, 15-64 years and 65 years and above was 18.6%, 65% and16.4% respectively (Stanley St Labs, â€Å"France Economy†). ... Though this product can be enjoyed by every age group, children normally prefer mousse product for meal. From the above chart it is clear that the number of persons below age 20 has increased from 2001 to 2008. Therefore, there will be ample opportunity to sale French Mousse product successfully in France. Gender France focuses mainly on family rather than individuality. The strong religious roots of France contribute to gender inequality in family dynamics of the country. Like many other countries the priority of male is work and role of female is to stay at home and take care of family and children. The following table shows the demographic gender distribution of France in 2010.   Year 2010 Total Men Women Total Population 65,026,885 31,484,794 33,542,091 Under 20 15,984,060 8,175,810 7,808,250 20 – 64 years 38,146,128 18,794,075 19,352,053 65 and above 10,896,697 4,514,909 6,381,788 Source: (INED, â€Å"Total Population†). There is no specific gender segments that enjoy French Mousse, this product can be enjoyed by all. The French Mousse is delicious and can be made at home as well. Geography France is a beautiful land of Europe which is covered by rivers, mountains and forests. Metropolitan France covers almost 200,000 square miles of Europe. It is the biggest European country in west which covers almost 5% of the‘European continent’. The capital of France is Paris. There are 4.5 million foreigners in France. People from various nations come to France. Food plays an important role in the lifestyle of France. The national pride of France is Wine and Cheese which differentiate France from other countries. People of France prefer three main meals, i.e. breakfast,

Early Spanish And Early English Colonization In America Essay - 1

Early Spanish And Early English Colonization In America - Essay Example At the time New Mexico established, it collapsed because of inadequate wealth. In the New England, separatists and Puritans constituted the population. Following the dissent and reformation of England, the people of England stated to arrive in the new America for the reasons of religion. New England colonies were made up of mostly Catholics and Puritans who banked their hope on putting their beliefs in practice with no interference from church hierarchy or England. The colonial extension under Castile’s crown was instigated by Spanish conquerors and grown by Spanish monarchy through its missionaries and administrators. The motivation for the expansion of colonies was increased Christianity faith and trade through local conversations. This took a period of over 400 years from the year 1492 to the year 1898. To start with is the arrival of Columbus in the year 1942, over 4 centuries the empire of the Spaniards would extend across: in the present day in most Central America, Mexico, and Caribbean island; most of American North that include Southern coastal, Southwestern, California part of United States; and although not active, with territory claimed presently British Columbia; and states of Oregon, Washington and Alaska; and South America. At the start of 19th C, the movements on revolution ended up in the independence of many American Spanish colonies, with exception of Puerto Rico and Cuba, released in the year 1898 subsequent to the wa r waged by Spain against the Americans, together with Philippines and Guam in Pacific. The political loss of the last territories by Spain brought an end to the Spanish colonization (Kathy, pp 64) The settlements of the Spanish in the South West of America and English colonies in the New England in the 17th C may be contrasted in basically two ways. To start with, their political patterns were based entirely on different government systems and classes of the ruling.

Statements from the novel soucouyant

Statements from the novel soucouyant These are statements from the novel Soucouyant by David Chariandy (2007) that condenses the message of the novel. In general, the novel illustrates forgetting not just as a illness in the form of dementia but it also shows the cultural meaning of forgetting in the lives of the narrator, his mother and the other characters in the story. In a cultural context, forgetting in the novel means leaving behind ones history and tradition; erasing from memory ones dark past experiences; not remembering the hurts and sufferings one has experienced; and turning back on ones mistakes and sins in the past as depicted by the characters in the novel. At the outset, the story focuses on the life of the narrators mother named Adele who is suffering from early onset or pre-senile dementia. The narrator here is considered a prodigal son who has run away from his home but who longed for her as any son would for his mother, even so a frightening a mother as she had become (33). However, after two years, he went back to stay with Mother though I havent been invited to stay (9). It seemed, as the story progresses, that the narrator wants to understand her mothers past so he can also understand his own origins. So, he tried to ask questions from his mother who never deliberately explained to me her past, but I learned anyway (23). She told him over and over again of her encounter with the creature [a soucouyant] (136). A soucouyant according to what is written in the back cover of the book is an evil spirit in Caribbean folklore. The narrator wishes to confirm this encounter but Mother never explained any of this to me (136). The narratio n is interspersed with bits and pieces of the mothers past as fragments of her memory come and go. Some of the stories about Adele are also narrated by Meera, the nurse. The characters who are Adele, the narrators mother and the narrator who has remained nameless throughout the story have engaged in episodes of forgetting and remembering which has something to do with their cultural heritage. The cultural meaning of forgetting in Soucouyant is first of all, significant to Adele who is a Trinidadian immigrant who experienced the worst things in her past. On her part, forgetting includes leaving behind her history and her traditions as she leaves behind her birthplace, Trinidad. It also means erasing from her memory her dark past. The narrator tells of her, she saw sadness and anxiety. She saw violence. She saw war. (161). There was also a time when she experienced being dragged like a doll toward the gates of the base, back toward the village and the life that awaits (192). She has suffered a lot, not to mention the discrimination during those times because she is dark or a colored woman. In these instances, forgetting seems to be the most creative and life-sustaining thing (32) she could do with her dark past. The phrase a path so old that none could remember its origins (45, 136, 173 190) has been repeatedly mentioned in the novel. This path may very well symbolize what Adele has gone through. She tried to forget the heaviness of a history that couldnt leave. She resolved within herself not to remember those dark events in her life again. She has become so good at forgetting that this could have probably affected her own memory which turned out to develop into dementia. The narrator is not sure what really caused her early onset dementia but what the narrator remembers is that: Long ago, she began to forget. It started with ordinary things. Shopping lists and recipes, bus change and savings cards, pens for jotting down those household tasks that always manage to slip away. But then Mother began to forget in more creative ways. She began to forget names and places, goals and meanings. She began to forget the laws of language and the routes to salvation and the proper things to do with ones body. She began to excuse herself from the world we knew (12). Similarly, the narrator asks these questions about her mother: Was this a turning point in her life? The moment when she first realized that something was wrong with her? That something more serious than cutlery or bangles had gone missing? That so many other things were getting lost? This man beside her, for instance. Her husband. She knows his name, of course. Its Roger. But what else does she know? (78). Likewise, forgetting, for Adele means no longer remembering the hurts and painful experiences she had in the past. With her dementia, she would surely not remember those pains and hurts in her secret past again. She has erased memories in her mind and the narrator says: She tells me now that she doesnt understand that thing called memory. She doesnt understand its essence or dynamic (166). It is just ironical that in the past and even in the present, there are things that Adele can still remember. This is evident in what the narrator has said that: She never forget. But I dont remember it. Not even a little bit. I remember something else from that trip, though (196). This shows that Adeles memory is even better than the authors. This also goes to show that Adele somehow uses selective remembering and forgetting. Pleasant and good things are remembered while unpleasant, traumatic experiences are better left forgotten in obscurity. Aside from Adele, the narrator himself has tried forgetting his past. He tries to forget what happened to his mother and his father by running away from his home to another place. His mother staggered into forgetfulness. She wandered the streets of our neighbourhood and upturned peoples garbage bins (18). While his father became increasingly quiet and withdrawn, [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] He stopped communicating to anyone, including Mother and me (28). The narrator describes the place where he stayed: The city was for me a good place of forgetting. I found my anonymity in a series of rent-by-the-week rooms, in under-the-counter jobs as a dishwasher and holiday flower-seller (30). Yes, he was able to forget those things that happened to his family but only for a little while. This is because, he later forgot to forget and he remembered everything again which leads him back to his mother and to his hometown. For the narrator, forgetting means repenting of his mistakes and making amends by livi ng his life anew and by taking care of his mother. When he goes back to his home he tried to understand his roots, his history. He tries to prove that: Your history is your blood and flesh (137). Though his mother is someone so entirely unwilling to admit that she has forgotten me (8). He tries to imagine his mothers life before it all slips away into darkness. Thus, he attempts to draw his mother to a conversation to help him know the truth about his mothers childhood and what could have caused her dementia. He asks her questions such as: You mean you dont remember, Mother? (12); Dont you remember, Mother? (15); Do you remember, Mother? (92); Can you remember it now, Mother? Can you tell me this last thing? Today, before I go? (194). However, with his series of questions, his Mother doesnt explain anything to him. This is because She told, but she never explained or deciphered. She never put the stories together. She never could or wanted to do so. It is only through the help of Miss that he is able to understand the details of his mothers life. And he is able to confirm of his mothers life when he said that it is possible to live with almost no memories (54). In addition to Adele and the narrator, Meera, the nurse is also trying to hide something and to forget her past. Although, it is not quite obvious in the story, her feelings became transparent upon seeing her mother. Meera unbelievably asks the narrator You fetched my mother? (124) while her mother keeps on calling her name. She was neither enthusiastic nor happy to see her own mother. The narrator also tells her: I dont care, Meera. It doesnt matter to me. I just wanted to know more about you. I thought we could talk about things (125). This leads to the conclusion that Meera is not sharing about her life. She is probably hiding something and is trying to forget the memories altogether. It was later found out that Meera used to crank call the wandering lady (159). Many times, Meeras calls were stupidly banal. Giggling requests to speak to Oliver Clothesoff [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] (160). For Meera, forgetting means turning back on past mistakes and sins and correcting her mistakes. Eventua lly, she becomes the nurse of the wandering lady who used to be the subject of her crank calls. For Adele, the narrator and Meera, forgetting gives them a way of escaping from their repulsive past. It has its advantages but it also has its disadvantages. The narrator confirms this through a quote: During our lives, we struggle to forget. And its foolish to assume that forgetting is altogether a bad thing. Memory is a bruise still tender (32). Human beings sometimes need to forget especially those unpleasant, traumatic experiences that happened in ones life. But it should not keep one from moving on to the future like what happened to the narrator and to Meera. The novels title which is Soucouyant refers to an evil spirit in the form of a vampire-like old woman who sucks blood from her victims. A soucouyant is a monster worth forgetting because it symbolizes something disagreeable or horrible. In addition, Adeles encounter of a soucouyant symbolizes everything in her life that is horrid, distasteful, horrible, hostile and unkind which are worth forgetting. Indeed, Soucouyant is aptly described as a novel of forgetting. However, contrary to the title, the novel Soucouyant is worth reading and remembering.

A Comparison Between Desirees Baby & Stench Of Kerosene Essay -- Engli

A Comparison Between Desirees Baby & Stench Of Kerosene 'Stench Of Kerosene' was written by Amrita Pritam approximately fifty years ago. This emotional short story mainly revolves around the relationships between a woman, her husband and his mother. Another important theme is the significance of cultures and traditions in the protagonists' lives. The main characters are Manak and Guleri, who are husband and wife. Guleri and Manak are a loving couple who live with Manak's mother in a small village in India. Guleri cannot give birth and her mother-in-law desperately wants a grandchild. Once a year, during a special festival, Guleri visits her parents in a nearby village. This year, Manak halfheartedly tries to persuade his wife not to go. Adamant, Guleri pays no heed to her husband's baseless wish, and goes to visit her parents regardless. Upon her departure, Manak's evil mother decides to bring an end her grandchild-less status, and immediately purchases a wife for Manak, in the hope that this new bride could have the baby Guleri could not. When news of her husband's betrayal reaches Guleri, she commits suicide by dousing herself with kerosene, and consequently setting herself alight. 'Desirees Baby,' by Kate Chopin, amongst other themes, also explores the theme of relationships. Desiree, the female protagonist, is an orphan who was found at the front of the Valmonde home, lying asleep in the shadows of a big stone pillar. Madame Valmonde, the owner of the large house cannot have children; hence welcoming the child and treating her as her own. When Desiree grows up, she marries a man from a prestigious family. After a period of marital bliss, they both have a child whom they immensely love.... ...they do not obviously state what was wrong with the women. Desiree is made out to be so sweet and loving - her beauty helping to draw the readers into sympathy for her. It is not blatantly stated that it was stupid of her to commit suicide. Likewise, Guleri should really have had trust in her husband, and listened to what he told her instead of proudly ignoring his pleas. This shows that although their relationship outwardly shows happiness, there were some serious problems that occurred beneath the surface. Hence, I conclude that in 'Desiree's Baby," Armand was wrong to have so much pride, but Desiree's weak character spurned her awful fate. In 'Stench of Kerosine,' Manak was weak and stupid, but the consequences of his marrying again could have been avoided if Guleri trusted her husband. It is simply too easy to blame the men entirely for what happened.

Human Behavior and Biology: Fear and the Amygdala Essay

The definition of psychology is considered to very limited, as specialists from other fields try to prove. The usual notion about psychology is that it exists as a channel of understanding and making some measurements in behavior of humans and other species (Eysenck, 2004). The study of human behavior has been very interesting to many fields of expertise due to its complexity and difficulty. Fields other than psychology: biology, psychiatry, sociology, and many other medical applications are just few of the fields in which discussions regarding the aforementioned topic have been very well explored. In this regard, the experts combined in their efforts to form more credible results in the explanation of the basis of human behavior. Ethically, socially, and legally, behavior is an important tool to understand and explain such those subject matters (Carson & Rothstein, 1999). Goldsmith (1991), on his book The Biological Roots of Human Nature: Forging Links Between Evolution and Behavior, mentions about the huge involvement of biology into studying the fields of the humanists, social scientists, philosophers, and historians; that they should also include biological principles in the analysis of human behavior. He emphasizes that there should be two considerations in studying humans’ social behavior, that is, there should be integration of physiology, biochemistry, and the mechanism of behavior in the social aspect. He stressed about the evolution of human behavior to be dissected in biological terms. Anderson (2006) still improves this claim by saying that a criminal behavior for example, maybe is because of the impaired hormonal secretions of the specific body organs. Motives and the bodily processes should be taken into consideration to understand the individual differences with respect to personality and intellectual differentiation (Eysenck, 2004). A more interesting theory was formulated by Cesare Lombroso, about the facial types, and the way that a criminal can be identified. He based most of his explanations in a biological sense in the same way that the Germans suspected genetics to be effective in identification of people with criminal tendencies at the top of the Nazi’s rulership. It was then that several psychological explanations about criminal behavior have been accepted (Anderson, 2006). Plato also mentioned that criminality is the effect of the mind being imprisoned by an obscurity of thought which he connected brain being the biological component. It was studied by theorists and researchers in evolutionary biology the patterns regarding the kind of thinking depending on the life stage, whether young or adolescent: including parameters such as their problem-solving capacities and their academic competencies. Other cognitive domains were also associated to this behavioral study: the spatial abilities, mathematical abilities, verbal communication etc. (Lisi & Lisi, 2001). To be included in this paper are the dissection of the two parts suspected to be working in one direction of behavioral and of biological nature: the explanation of fear and its relation with the amygdala. A Brief background on Fear Fear is the emotion related to the feeling being in a dangerous state, which are actually tangible and realistic. Another definition is given to anxiety, which is often named as fear, because anxiety is the feeling of being in danger but there is no actuality. Watson and Ekman mentioned that fear is no other special feeling. It is just at the same level as joy and anger. Fear is described as a mechanism of survival, which arrives from exposure to negative things, or the negative stimulus. Fear is usually connected to the disagreement to feel pain (Coan & Allen, 2007). Personal fear can be classified as caution, phobia and paranoia. Fear is manifested when someone feels anxious, worried, frightened, in terror, paranoid and many other negative feelings. Paranoia is achieved when fear is so much heightened. When someone is observed to be in extreme change in behavior, and his attitude has gone extremely changed, one is said to be paranoid. Caution on the other hand is an interpersonal experience that makes a person feel that he could not trust anyone who is a strange to him. The person feels very different in the presence of the person whom he distrusts and only calms down when that person has gone distance away from his comfortable zone. Terror is a very pronounced classification of fear, which arises from a horrific experience. The person in a state of terror feels always in the vicinity of an immediate danger. The non-typical behavior of the person arises, making him irrational at some point. The subconscious feeling of fear can be extended nightmares. There are other effects on the person whenever he fears something. Physiologically, the sympathetic and the parasympathetic. The person may be observed to, or feel in himself being hindered from physical movement. Perspiration may also occur as the blood in the body is being forced from the viscera to other peripheral parts of the body. This blood at the periphery carries oxygen, nutrients and heat, which causes the body to feel warm or hot, therefore the body’s mechanism is to perspire, to release the excess heat to cool down the body. Along with this, the body will experience fast heart rate. Phobia A very interesting topic which deals with the concept of fear is called phobia. Phobia is fear of something. It may be because of a very unwanted experience towards that something that someone fears, or just a transferred rumor that something negative might happen when that object is encountered. Different types of phobia exist depending on the object of fear. In the context of classical conditioning, phobias come from a mixture of internal dispositions and external factors (Lewis & Haviland-Jones, 2000). The experiments of Seligman resulted to his conclusion of objects being feared are genetically predispositioned. He also mentions that for many cases, traumatic experience triggers phobia. Biology, together with life experiences, can be well explained A malfunctioning amygdale can cause psychological disorders. Patients are not able to classify neutral faces, identifying them as threat. Hyperactivity in the amygdala was observed by researchers when patients are shown frightening situations. Other patients with severe cases of phobia showed a corresponding increase in the amygdale activity. The left amygdala manifested hyperactivity when excitation like fear happened. The book Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals emerged in the 19th century. Charles Darwin emphasized here that the evolution of species has a counterpart cross culturally and universally. A research conducted by Paul Ekman involved facial expression experiment. Using neuroimaging differences in their evolutionary ancient brain parts were observed for changes, with corresponding changes in potential which was an increase (Doux, 2004). Theories about Emotion and Behavior The Somatic Behaviors William James started the study of emotions and largely argued about that emotional experience is mainly an effect of changes in the body (James, 2007). James, together with Carl Lange created James-Lange theory. This theory has a biological perspective of viewing the change in emotion as being accompanied next by bodily changes. They emphasize that the change in the state of the body is manifested through the change in emotion. The bodily reactions are considered to be the cause for the change in emotion as felt by a person (Barrett, Niedenthal, & Winkielman, 2005). This theory simply says that we tend to react first in a situation, for example is running because of an event that could make us run, then the emotional manifestation is then felt or executed. In short, we react first before we get to feel the emotion. Another somatic theory where James-Lane also falls is the Perceptual theory which is known to be a neo-Jamesian theory. The Cognitive Behaviors with Biological Perspective On the other hand, the Cannon-Bard theory nullifies the claims of James-Lange theory and still believes on the previous pattern. This is a cognitive theory that contradicts a somatic theory of emotions. The Two Factor theory, also known as the Singer –Schachter theory rests on the hypothesis that respondents can have different emotional reactions as affected by adrenaline, considering that they have the same initial physiological state. The respondents were monitored for the emotion they are going to feel, whether happiness or anger, when a person on the same situation felt anger or happiness. The determination of the responses was based on the cognitive aspect or when the situation undergoes appraisal, or the physiological or biological aspect as adrenaline was injected to them. In connection to this, Klaus Scherer made a recent cognitive theory that stresses the connection on different bodily functions in combination to the cognitive components. The Amygdala Emotionality was discovered because of the bilateral ablation of the temporal lobe responses in the brain (Weiner, 2003). The part of the brain that is responsible for the feeling of fear is the amygdala. It is a tonsil shaped group of neurons situated at the inside portion of the temporal lobe of humans, including other species under the phylum vertebrata. The emotional reaction is being executed by this part of the brain which is also responsible for emotional stimulation (Kadish, 1994; Lewis & Haviland-Jones, 2000; Phelps, O’Connor, Gatenby, Gore, & Davis, 2001). In the process of fear conditioning, a part of the amygdala, the basolateral complexes help in the mediation of stimuli to the memory. These are brought to the synapses and later on passed to the central nucleus of the nerve, which is involved in the generation of many fear responses that includes immobilization of the body, increased respiration, and release of stress hormones. The type of conditioning called the Pavlovian conditioning may be caused by the damage in this part of the brain. The functions of the amygdala were looked at to account for the emotional and motivational properties it dictates in the brain. The amygdala is a small structure at the cortex which lies deep within the brain’s temporal lobe. Even small, it possesses a complicated neuroanatomy. It receives a large amount of neural inputs to the many parts of the brain, both the minor and major parts of the cortex. The heterogeneity of the structure of amygdala is due to the evolutionary reason that it comes from different parts of the brain which separated from a common point. The heterogeneous description is due to the differences in the structures of the neurons as already explained in the previous statement. There were so many description proposed to amygdale regarding its function, and it was by (Johnson, 1923) that the introduction of the description of the amygdale commonly used today. The nuclei of the amygdala should be described as divided into two groups, the primitive group and the recent group (Moore & Oaksford, 2002). A third part was suggested to be occupying the ventricular floor of the cortex (Alheid & Heimer, 1988). The amygdala is said to be well placed in that position because it is able to gather signals from almost every part of the brain, integrates them all, and is responsible for the processing to arrive at what kind of emotion shall be executed by humans and other species. Research in emotions has been exploiting the amygdala in experimentations. The different types of emotions, fear as example, have different mechanisms in the brain but actually goes to the same pathway which is trying to escape, or of which implies behavioral inhibition (Lewis & Haviland-Jones, 2000). The impulses sent by the amygdala can have two general effects: first is the modulation of the memory’s retention time for long term responses; second is the influence on attention and perception. The retention of the episodic events is crucial in the emotional response so that the event is not forgotten. In this way we are more likely to be aware of the emotional events compared to the neutral events. Experiments dealing with the delay of fear responses were done to account for the effect of amygdala. Respondents were instructed to use an active emotion regulation strategy to lower conditioned fear responses. It was found out that doing this lowers the physiological expression of the CR and CS activation of the amygdala. It was deduced from the experiment that cognitive strategies and control mechanisms during fear conditioning and by just viewing negative scenes can disrupt or alter the responses of the amygdala. The studies presented regarding the instructed fear implies that conditioned fear is not necessarily affected by the awareness in cognition and understanding of the emotional properties. It was also found out that there are many things that can affect the amygdala aside from these two. Dependent responses such as the aversive properties, symbolic communication can also affect the function of the amygdala. Cognitive control mechanisms can be tapped also in the execution of different emotion regulation strategies which can diminish the amygdala responses to strong emotions such as fear. Another study conducted by Phillips and Le Doux (1992) was concerned not just with the contribution of amygdala on the procurement of the conditioned fear responses using a cue, but with the participation of another part of the brain which is the hippocampus. It was found out that for rats, under the unoperated conditions, faster responses were more susceptible to extinction than those with the responses from conditional stimuli. Lesion experiment on rats’ amygdala reflected an interference on the conditioning of the fear responses to both the cues and the context. On the other hand, hippocampus lesions only affected with the conditioning of the responses, but was found out to be irresponsible for the cues (Phillips & Doux, 1992). An almost similar experiment was carried out by McKittrick and his colleagues (1996) and Blachard together with this co-researchers (1998) using remodeling of the dendrites and it was found out that this kind of treatment which involves different stress applications to the hippocampus, specifically repeated restraint stress affects the hippocampus the same way with the previous experiment. It was mentioned that amygdala behaved the same (Gazzaniga & Bizzi, 2004). Moore (2002) mentioned a study in his Emotional Cognition: From Brain to Behaviour, which puts a borderline between the functionality of the hippocampus and amygdala. Le Doux’s theory is often discussed in debates due to its relevance in explaining whether cognitive processes always precede an emotional experience. He said in Moore’s writing that the activation of amygdala by impulses from the neocortex is somewhat consistent with the notion that emotional processing is post cognitive. The hypothesis that emotional processing can be preconscious and precognitive is consistent with the experiment dealing with the thalamic inputs as the amygdale is activated. The two hemispheres of the brain are somewhat different in function with respect to its emotional role. The emotional stimuli perceived by the brain, together with its processing of emotional expressions are usually processed by the right hemisphere. They were able to prove this as they sent signals only to the right hemisphere of the brain, and it was found out that it produced faster heart rates compared to that of the impulses produced by just showing signals to the left hemisphere (Alheid & Heimer, 1988; Cheng, Knight, Smith, Stein, & Helmstetter, 2003; Davidson, 1998). This was also confirmed this hypothesis to those patients suffering from split-brain disorder. The corpus callosum, being the bridge between the two hemispheres, is severed during the operation for those who suffer from epileptic disorders. As a result of this experiment, they were able to know that the two hemispheres function independently of each other. Accurate identification or merely detection of the emotional stimuli happens only when the signal flows to the right side of the cortex. It is pointed out that whatever the hemisphere to function depends on the type of emotion that is felt during that time. The left frontal cortex is more likely to function for pleasant emotions. The right lobe on the other hand functions in the presence of unpleasant emotions. There are people whose only one side of the brain dominates, as proven by Tomarke et al. (1992). People who are dominant in left brain functions are more likely to show positive responses to stimuli, comparing to the other part which remains opposite or negative in reaction. It was further explained by the movement of the muscles of the face which kind of response occurred at the moment of stimulation. It was explained that a left facial muscle contraction is due to a positive response, whereas the right facial muscle reaction is due to a negative response. Bilateral neurotoxic amygdala lesions in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta): Consistent pattern of behavior across different social contexts – an Example Case Amygdala has always been associated with the behavior of humans, more generally on the primates. Their social behaviors have always been connected to the cases brought about by lesions caused to the amygdala, wherein their behaviors are subjected to studies. The rhesus monkeys were the non-human primates that are of large importance to the study, since somehow these monkeys represent humans in a more dramatic way than other primates might have. The environments were different for each and every sample monkey, and their physiological characteristics were also different, one is a lesioned or lacerated monkeys and the other monkeys were just normal or unoperated monkeys. In 32 days they were subjected to a 4-monkey group interaction. They were first assessed in pairs (N. J. Emery et al. , 2001), and were already popular or familiar with each other’s presence to avoid intimidation and possible aggression and depression. As observed, the operated or lesioned monkeys manifested a common or consistent behavior. Obstruction in the amygdala was suspected to be the reason. The operated monkeys were seen to be more sociable; they had better affiliation with other monkeys than with that of the non-operated monkeys. The operated monkeys showed a faster adaptation with their new partners, because of the immediate decrease in their nervous and fearful behavior relative to the controls. Other possible behaviors such as sexual behavior were not observed among the samples, both the operated and the unoperated, making the authors conclude of that the amygdala may inhibit this the sexual drive of the monkeys, and that there are still other factors that must be considered in looking at other behavioral patterns. References Alheid, G. F. , & Heimer, L. (1988). New perspectives in basal forebrain organization of special relevance for neuropsychiatric disorders: The striatopallidal, amygdaloid, and corticopetal components of substantia innominata. Neuroscience, 27, 1-39. Anderson, G. S. (2006). Biological Influences on Criminal Behavior. FL: CRC Press. Barrett, L. F. , Niedenthal, P. M. , & Winkielman, P. (2005). Emotion and Consciousness: Insights from studies of the Human Amygdala. CA: Guilford Press. Carson, R. A. , & Rothstein, M. A. (1999). Behavioral Genetics: The Clash of Culture and Biology: John Hopkins University Press. Cheng, D. T. , Knight, D. C. , Smith, C. N. , Stein, E. A. , & Helmstetter, F. J. (2003). Functional MRI of Human Amygdala Activity During Pavlovian Fear Conditioning: Stimulus Processing Versus Response Expression. Behavioral Neuroscience, 117(1), 3-10. Coan, J. A. , & Allen, J. J. B. (2007). Handbook of Emotion Elicitation and Assessment. CA: Oxford University Press. Davidson, R. J. (1998). Neuropsychological perspectives on affective and anxiety disorders: A. VT: Psychology Press. Doux, J. L. (2004). The Emotional Brain, Fear, and the Amygdala. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, 23(4), 727-738. Eysenck, M. W. (2004). Psychology: An International Perspective. VT: Psychology/Textbooks. Gazzaniga, M. S. , & Bizzi, E. (2004). The Cognitive Neurosciences. MA: MIT Press. James, W. (2007). The Principles of Psychology. New York: Cosimo, Inc. Johnson, J. B. (1923). Further contributions to the study of the evolution of the forebrain. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 25(337-481). Kadish, M. R. (1994). The Ophelia Paradox: An Inquiry Into the Conduct of Our Lives NJ: Transaction Publishers. Lewis, M. , & Haviland-Jones, J. M. (2000). Handbook of Emotions. CA: Guilford Press. Lisi, A. M. -D. , & Lisi, R. D. (2001). Biology, Society, and Behavior: The Development of Sex Differences in Cognition. CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. Moore, S. C. , & Oaksford, M. (2002). Emotional Cognition: From Brain to Behaviour. PA: John Benjamins Publishing Company. Phelps, E. A. , O’Connor, K. J. , Gatenby, J. C., Gore, J. C. , & Davis, C. G. (2001). Activation of the left amygdala to a cognitive representation of fear. Nature Neuroscience, 4, 437-441. Phillips, R. G. , & Doux, J. E. L. (1992). Differential contribution of amygdala and hippocampus to cued and contextual fear conditioning. Behavioral Neuroscience, 106(2), 274-285. Weiner, I. B. e. a. (2003). Handbook of Psychology. NJ: John Wiley and Sons.

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Wuthering Heights Lord Jim The Great Gatsby and A Passage to India essays A protagonist is defined as a leading character in a written piece. The protagonist in a novel sets the story and frequently leads the plot. The protagonists can be analyzed to reveal the moral or meaning of a story. In the following essay, four main characters will be analyzed from E.M. Forester's A Passage to India, Emily Bronte's Wuthering Heights, Joseph Conrad's Lord Jim, and F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby. In E.M. Forester's A Passage to India, the main character, Dr. Aziz, is a Moslem doctor living in Chandrapore. He is a widower with three children who meets Mrs. Moore, an aged English widow who has three children herself and becomes friends with her. Even though Dr. Aziz is a munificent and caring man towards his English friends, after Adela Quested charges him with assault he becomes bitter, vindictive and developed more than hard feelings towards the British. When Ms. Quested experiences a mental collapse, the British assume that her circumstance was the result of sexual molestation and falsely accuse Dr. Aziz of this crime. When Dr. Aziz is found not guilty, he builds up a relentless hatred, not only for the British, but also for his own attorney. Dr. Aziz's newfound viewpoint is an immediate response to his discrimination and in this sense is a product of English colonialism. A primary concern of A Passage to India is the change of Dr. Aziz's thoughts of the British, from a bit submissive to an aggressive viewpoint. In due course, Dr. Aziz realizes that he must judge and undertake the English on a personal and an individual basis. To carry this out, his attitude toward the English should be based on his direct experience with people, not on whether or not they are a European or an Indian. One of the major themes of E. M. Forster's novel is cultural misunderstanding. Contradictory cultural ideas and expectations dealing with hospitality, social proprieties, and the role of religion in daily life are res...

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The first issue in the paper is that â€Å"several males who were seen on the streets wearing dark clothing, and who appeared to the officers to be suspicious looking were taken in to custody for questioning†. This issue raises the question; is the several males looking suspicious enough probable cause for the officers to make an arrest, does it violate the male’s rights of the fourth amendment? The fourth amendment states â€Å"the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized† (Inciardi p. 188). An arrest may be made in two ways: with a warrant or without a warrant. In this case it was without a warrant. To make an arrest the officer must have probable cause and there are two ele ments to probable cause to arrest. The first is that a crime has been committed and the other is that the person to be arrested committed the offense (Stuckey, Roberson, Wallace p. 52). It is unclear to me if because the several males â€Å"looked suspicious† if this makes them a suspect of committing the crime. Another issue to address is that Mr. Troubleshooter was chased, apprehended by citizens, and then held to the ground for approximately fifteen minutes against his will. The first problem is that a private person arrest should be made when a crime has been committed, or attempted, in the presence of the arresting person (Stuckey, Roberson, Wallace p. 51). The arrest must be made upon more than a mere suspicion that a crime had been committed. In this case the citizens arrested Mr. Troubleshooter because of his reputation of being a drug dealer, and his â€Å"brisk walk† towards his apartment with what appeared to be a gun. Although Mr. Troubleshooter may have been w... Free Essays on Hypothetical Free Essays on Hypothetical The first issue in the paper is that â€Å"several males who were seen on the streets wearing dark clothing, and who appeared to the officers to be suspicious looking were taken in to custody for questioning†. This issue raises the question; is the several males looking suspicious enough probable cause for the officers to make an arrest, does it violate the male’s rights of the fourth amendment? The fourth amendment states â€Å"the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized† (Inciardi p. 188). An arrest may be made in two ways: with a warrant or without a warrant. In this case it was without a warrant. To make an arrest the officer must have probable cause and there are two ele ments to probable cause to arrest. The first is that a crime has been committed and the other is that the person to be arrested committed the offense (Stuckey, Roberson, Wallace p. 52). It is unclear to me if because the several males â€Å"looked suspicious† if this makes them a suspect of committing the crime. Another issue to address is that Mr. Troubleshooter was chased, apprehended by citizens, and then held to the ground for approximately fifteen minutes against his will. The first problem is that a private person arrest should be made when a crime has been committed, or attempted, in the presence of the arresting person (Stuckey, Roberson, Wallace p. 51). The arrest must be made upon more than a mere suspicion that a crime had been committed. In this case the citizens arrested Mr. Troubleshooter because of his reputation of being a drug dealer, and his â€Å"brisk walk† towards his apartment with what appeared to be a gun. Although Mr. Troubleshooter may have been w...

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FAS 202Discussion 7 - Essay Example Renaissance architecture was first practiced in Florence in Italy by Filippo Brunellesch (Dickerson, 2013). This underlying apportion of my introduction in regard to paper analysis. I chose Baroque artwork is closely related to the baroque cultural movement with the Absolutism. Absolutism is normally a renowned Counter Reformation and the underlying Catholic Revival. Moreover, it possesses vital era ideas of empire, iconography and compositions movement that took place in the eighteenth century, and characterized by massive performance that is rich in deep color and corresponding deep light coupled with the dark shadows. These features are mainly utilized to depict the duration prior to the event. The second piece of Renaissance era in regard to architecture by Filippo Brunellesch occurred in 15th century extending to early 17th century in Europe. It mainly defines the conscious revival and advancement of particular elements pertaining to ancient Greek and Roman and the corresponding material culture. Moreover, it also depicts the transition from Gothic architecture that was mainly succeeded by the Baroque architecture Renaissance architecture (Dickerson, 2013). The artwork also employ Classical art of the Roman and Greek art, which depicts modern style such as painting, scripture and architecture after the development of

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Developing Countries and Deflation - Essay Example A year after Roach's controversial report, Goldman and Sachs published a Global Economics paper entitled "Dreaming with BRICs: The Path to 2050". In this report, the authors surmised that given the 'right' growth conditions and a lot of luck, four of the biggest developing countries namely Brazil, Russia, India and China (thus forming the BRIC acronym) could become the largest economic force in the world in 50 years possibly even surpassing the G6 economies (US, Japan, UK, France, Italy and Germany). Like China, the economies of Brazil, Russia and India have influenced the decline of consumer prices in the world. If there is any empirical basis on the notion of China's alleged spread of deflation, would it not be reasonable to suggest that the rest of the BRICs could have the same effect on the world's economy This paper aims to examine if such generalization regarding deflation shifting could indeed be applied to all of the BRICs as the world's largest developing countries. ... ntinuously as determined by aggregate measures such as the Consumer Price Index (CPI) or the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) deflator (Kumar et al, 2003). In such a case, economic activity and consumer spending are significantly reduced, which in turn cause a decline in prices, profits, trade, employment and productivity in general (Guardian Unlimited, 2006). The decline in price levels could either be due to a demand shock (a significant fall in the demand of goods and services) or a supply shock (significant increase in outputs while demands remain constant). In case of the former, a vicious cycle of declining asset prices, rigid financial policies and reduced nominal interest rates are likely to result. The situation could become more problematic if the expectation for even lower prices prompt consumers to postpone their spending. An extreme effect of this would be companies going out of business or severely cutting down on labor and production due severe inability to sell their good s or services, realize revenues and/or pay off outstanding loans. This perpetuates an even lower demand for goods and further decline in prices. Supply shocks, on the other hand, can result from more 'positive' events such as technological advancements, trade liberalization gains, productivity growth and strengthened confidence in the long-term effects of perceived political and economic stability. Under such circumstances, deflation could not be as costly as that in the demand shock effect since the price decline could only be a manifestation of temporary adjustment to a new equilibrium brought about by external, productivity-enhancing changes, e.g., IT revolution and deregulation, (Kumar et al, 2003). Deflation in history There are two periods in history when deflation occurred in